IT glossary

Lost in acronyms and technical jargon? Here are over 230 IT terms explained simply and in plain language - from hardware and networks through security to the smart home. Use the search field below or pick a category.

Hardware and components

BIOS

The BIOS is the basic program in a computer that runs first and prepares the hardware to boot the operating system. It also allows basic settings such as boot order.

Cache

Cache is very fast memory inside the processor that stores frequently used data for instant access. A larger cache can boost performance in demanding tasks.

Case

The case is the outer enclosure of a computer into which all components are mounted. Besides protection it also affects airflow and cooling.

Chipset

The chipset is a set of chips on the motherboard that manages communication between the processor, memory and other parts. It affects which features and connections the board supports.

Cooler

A cooler removes heat from the processor or graphics card to prevent overheating. It can be air-based with a fan or liquid-based with coolant.

Core

A core is an independent computing part of the processor, where more cores allow doing more tasks at once. Modern processors usually have multiple cores.

CPU (processor)

The CPU (processor) is the main computing unit of a computer that executes program instructions and controls most operations. Its performance affects how quickly the computer handles tasks.

CPU socket

The socket is the place on the motherboard into which the processor is fitted. The processor and board must have the same socket type to be compatible.

DDR memory

DDR is a type of system memory, where newer generations such as DDR4 or DDR5 offer higher speed. The memory must be compatible with the motherboard.

DisplayPort

DisplayPort is a connector for transmitting video and audio, used mainly with computer monitors. It supports high resolutions and refresh rates suitable for gaming.

Docking station

A docking station expands a laptop with extra ports so you can connect monitors, keyboard, mouse and network with a single cable. It makes working at a fixed desk easier.

Expansion card

An expansion card is a board you insert into a slot on the motherboard to add a new function to the computer, such as sound, network or extra ports. It usually connects through the PCIe bus.

Fan

A fan moves air through the case or cooler and carries heat away from components. More fans usually mean better cooling but also more noise.

GPU (graphics card)

The GPU (graphics card) handles rendering images, games and video, taking load off the CPU during demanding graphics. It matters most for gaming, video editing and 3D work.

HDD (hard drive)

An HDD (hard drive) is traditional storage with spinning platters that offers a lot of space at a low price. It is slower than an SSD but suitable for archiving data.

HDMI

HDMI is a connector that carries video and audio over a single cable between a computer, monitor or TV. It is a common standard for connecting displays.

Integrated graphics

Integrated graphics is a graphics chip built directly into the processor that needs no separate graphics card. It is enough for everyday work but tends to be weaker for gaming.

M.2 slot

M.2 is a small connector on the motherboard into which a thin SSD plugs without cables. It saves space and is used mainly in laptops and modern computers.

Monitor

A monitor is the screen on which the computer displays its output. Its quality is determined mainly by size, resolution, color reproduction and refresh rate.

Motherboard

The motherboard is the main board of the computer that connects the processor, memory, drives and other components. It determines which parts can be added to the computer.

NVMe

NVMe is a modern connection standard for SSDs that enables much higher speeds than older interfaces. The drive connects directly through the PCIe bus.

Overclocking

Overclocking is raising the operating frequency of a processor or graphics card above the manufacturer's setting for higher performance. It increases heat and power use and requires better cooling.

PCIe

PCIe is a fast bus on the motherboard into which graphics cards and other expansion cards connect. The more lanes it has, the higher the throughput it offers.

Peripheral

A peripheral is an external device connected to a computer, such as a keyboard, mouse, printer or speakers. It is used to control the computer or present its output.

PSU (power supply)

The PSU (power supply) converts mains voltage from the wall outlet into the voltages the computer's components need. A quality and sufficiently powerful PSU is important for system stability.

RAID

RAID combines multiple drives into one unit for higher speed or to protect data if a drive fails. Depending on the setup it can speed up data, back it up, or both.

RAM (memory)

RAM (memory) temporarily holds the data the computer is currently working with so it can access it instantly. Its contents are erased when the computer is turned off.

Refresh rate

Refresh rate indicates how many times per second the image on a monitor updates, measured in hertz (Hz). A higher value means smoother motion, which gamers appreciate most.

Resolution

Resolution indicates how many dots (pixels) make up the image on a monitor. Higher resolution means a sharper and more detailed picture.

SATA

SATA is an interface for connecting hard drives and SATA SSDs to the motherboard. It is slower than NVMe but still common for high-capacity drives.

SSD

An SSD is fast storage with no moving parts that greatly speeds up system startup and program loading. It is more resistant to shocks than a traditional hard drive.

Thermal pad

A thermal pad is a soft layer that transfers heat from a component to a cooler where paste would not suffice. It is used for example with memory chips or SSDs.

Thermal paste

Thermal paste is a thick compound applied between the processor and cooler that improves heat transfer. It fills microscopic gaps and improves cooling.

Thread

A thread is a separate stream of tasks a core can process, where one core can handle two threads at once. More threads improve performance in multitasking.

Throttling

Throttling is the automatic reduction of a component's performance when it gets too hot, to protect it from damage. It shows up as slowdown during prolonged heavy load.

TPM

TPM is a security chip that safely stores encryption keys and protects the computer during startup. It is required for example by Windows 11 and disk encryption.

UEFI

UEFI is a more modern replacement for the BIOS with a graphical interface, faster startup and support for larger drives. It also enables security features during computer startup.

USB

USB is a universal connection for keyboards, mice, flash drives, printers and many other devices. It is the most widespread connector for attaching peripherals.

USB-C

USB-C is a smaller, reversible connector that can be plugged in regardless of orientation. It handles data transfer, charging and video through a single cable.

VRAM

VRAM is special memory on the graphics card that stores textures and image data for smooth display. More VRAM helps with high resolutions and demanding games.

USB hub

A USB hub turns one USB port into several, so you can connect more devices to the computer at once. Some have their own power supply for more demanding devices like external drives.

KVM switch

A KVM switch lets you control several computers with one keyboard, mouse and monitor. You switch between them with a button or shortcut, handy when you have multiple machines on one desk.

Thunderbolt

Thunderbolt is a very fast interface (using the USB-C connector) for connecting drives, monitors or docking stations. It carries both data and video over a single cable.

VGA

VGA is an older analogue connector for sending video to a monitor, recognisable by its blue 15-pin plug. It has been replaced by the higher-quality HDMI and DisplayPort.

DVI

DVI is a digital video connector that bridged the gap between old VGA and modern HDMI. You will mostly come across it on older monitors and graphics cards.

Thermal design power (TDP)

TDP indicates how much heat a processor or graphics card produces and how much the cooler must handle. A higher TDP means a more powerful but also hotter component.

Form factor

Form factor defines the size and shape of a component, such as a motherboard (ATX, microATX) or a drive. It has to fit the case, so it matters when building a PC.

ECC memory

ECC memory can correct small data errors on its own, which is why it is used in servers and workstations where reliability is critical. Ordinary home PCs usually do not need it.

Bottleneck

A bottleneck is the slowest component that holds back the whole computer, for example a weak processor paired with a powerful graphics card. Removing it raises the system's performance.

Benchmark

A benchmark is a test that measures the performance of a computer or component and compares it with others. It helps tell whether a system delivers the performance it should.

Computer networks and internet

2.4 GHz vs 5 GHz

Two Wi-Fi frequency bands: 2.4 GHz has a longer range but is slower, while 5 GHz is faster but has a shorter range. A router often offers both at the same time.

Access point

A device that creates a Wi-Fi signal and lets devices connect to the network wirelessly. It is often used to cover larger areas than a single router can reach.

Bandwidth

The maximum amount of data a network or connection can carry in a given time. The higher it is, the more devices and activities the network can handle at once.

Connection speed

A measure of how fast a connection can download and upload data, usually in Mbps. Higher speed means smoother video streaming and faster downloads.

Dead zone

A spot in a home or office where the Wi-Fi signal does not reach or is too weak. It is solved by better router placement, a mesh system or an extender.

DHCP

A service that automatically assigns IP addresses and other settings to devices on a network. Thanks to it you do not have to set addresses by hand.

DNS

A system that translates website names like tiptech.sk into the numeric IP addresses computers understand. It works like the internet's phone book.

Download / upload

Download is receiving data from the internet to your device, while upload is the opposite direction out to the internet. Many connections have faster download than upload.

Ethernet

A standard for connecting devices to a network by cable, providing a stable and fast connection. It uses an RJ45 connector and cable.

Fibre optic connection

A connection through glass fibre that carries data using light at very high speed. It offers a stable, fast connection over long distances.

Firewall

A security barrier that checks incoming and outgoing network traffic and blocks unwanted connections. It protects the network from attacks coming from the internet.

Gateway

The point through which your network communicates with other networks, most often the internet. This role is usually handled by the router.

Internet service provider (ISP)

A company that provides your internet connection, for example via fibre, cable or wireless. It delivers the internet to your home or business.

IP address

A unique number that identifies a device on a network, much like a home address. It lets data find the correct recipient.

LAN (local area network)

A local network that connects devices in one place, such as a home or office. It lets them communicate and share a connection with each other.

Latency

The time it takes for data to travel from source to destination and back. Low latency matters for gaming, calls and video calls.

MAC address

A unique factory number on a network card that identifies a specific device on a local network. Unlike an IP address it is tied directly to the hardware, although modern phones often deliberately randomize it on Wi-Fi for privacy.

Mesh network

A set of several linked Wi-Fi units that together create one large, seamless signal across the whole home. Your devices switch between them automatically without dropping the connection.

Modem

A device that converts the signal from your internet provider into a form your network can use. It is the first point where the internet enters your home.

NAT (network address translation)

A technique that lets many devices share a single public IP address when connecting to the internet. The router keeps track of which data belongs to which device.

Network cable (UTP, Cat6)

A network cable with eight wires in four twisted pairs, used to connect devices in a network by wire. A category such as Cat6 determines the speed and transmission quality it can handle.

Network card (NIC)

A part of a device that lets it connect to a network, either by cable or wirelessly. Without it the device could not communicate on the network.

Ping

A simple test that measures how quickly and reliably a device responds on a network. The result in milliseconds shows the connection's response speed.

PoE (power over ethernet)

A technology that carries electrical power along with data over a single network cable. A device like a camera or access point then needs no separate power outlet.

Port

A number that, within one IP address, identifies a specific service or application, such as web or email. It helps route data to the right program.

Port forwarding

A router setting that allows access from the internet to a specific device or service on your network. It is used for example with cameras or servers.

Protocol (TCP/IP)

A set of rules by which devices on a network exchange data so they understand each other. TCP/IP is the core set of protocols the internet runs on.

Public vs private IP address

A public IP address identifies your network to the outside internet, while a private address identifies devices inside your network. Private addresses are not used directly on the internet.

QoS (quality of service)

A router feature that prioritises important network traffic, such as video calls, over less important traffic. It helps keep things smooth even on a busy network.

Repeater / extender

A device that picks up an existing Wi-Fi signal and repeats it further to cover more distant spots. It often halves the speed, so a mesh system or a wired access point is usually a better solution.

Router

A device that connects your home or office network to the internet and directs the flow of data between connected devices. It decides where each piece of data should go.

SSID (network name)

The name of your Wi-Fi network that you see in the list of available networks when connecting. It helps tell your network apart from neighbouring ones.

Subnet

A smaller part of a larger network that helps divide and organise devices logically. It improves clarity, performance and security of the network.

Switch

A device that connects multiple wired devices within one network, such as computers, printers and cameras. It sends data only to the device it is meant for.

VLAN (virtual LAN)

A way to split one physical network into several separate logical networks. For example, you can keep company computers apart from a guest network even though they share the same hardware.

VPN

A secure, encrypted connection over the internet that protects your data and allows remote access to a network. It is often used for safe remote work.

WAN (wide area network)

A network that spans large distances and connects multiple local networks, typically over the internet. It lets branches or devices in different cities communicate.

Wi-Fi

A wireless technology that lets devices connect to a network and the internet without a cable. It works using a short-range radio signal.

Wi-Fi 6

A newer generation of Wi-Fi that offers higher speed and handles many connected devices at once more efficiently. It suits modern homes and offices.

Wireless vs wired network

A wireless network connects devices over Wi-Fi without a cable, while a wired one uses physical network cables. Wired tends to be more stable and faster, wireless more convenient.

IPv6

IPv6 is the newer version of IP addresses, replacing the dwindling IPv4 and offering a practically inexhaustible supply. It looks like a longer string of numbers and letters separated by colons.

Proxy server

A proxy server is an intermediary between your device and the internet that traffic passes through. It is used for filtering content, speeding things up via a cache, or hiding your address.

Reverse proxy

A reverse proxy sits in front of servers and distributes incoming internet requests to them, while also handling encryption and security. Visitors talk only to it, not directly to the server behind.

Load balancer

A load balancer spreads traffic across several servers so none gets overloaded and the service runs smoothly. If one server fails, the others take over its work.

Captive portal

A captive portal is the login page that appears when you connect to public Wi-Fi (hotels, cafés) and asks for agreement or sign-in. Only then does it let you onto the internet.

Wi-Fi 7

Wi-Fi 7 is the latest wireless standard, bringing higher speeds and lower latency than Wi-Fi 6. You only get the full benefit with both supported devices and a supported router.

Jitter

Jitter is the irregular variation in network latency that causes stuttering in video calls and online gaming, even when the speed is good. A stable connection keeps jitter low.

Packet loss

Packet loss means some data is lost on its way through the network and has to be resent, causing stutters and dropouts. It often points to a problem with the line or Wi-Fi.

Traceroute

Traceroute is a tool that shows the path data takes from you to a destination server and how long each hop takes. It helps find where in the network a slowdown occurs.

Dynamic and static IP

A dynamic IP address changes from time to time (common in homes), while a static one stays the same. A static IP is useful for remote access to cameras or a server.

Cybersecurity

3-2-1 backup

The 3-2-1 rule recommends keeping three copies of your data on two different types of media, with one copy stored off-site. This approach protects you against hardware failure, theft and ransomware.

Antivirus

Antivirus is a program that detects, blocks and removes malicious software from your device. It runs in the background and warns you when it finds a threat.

Backup

A backup is a stored copy of your data that you can restore after loss, failure or an attack. Regular and tested backups are the most reliable protection against data loss.

Botnet

A botnet is a network of compromised devices that an attacker controls remotely without the owners knowing. They are used for example to send spam or to carry out DDoS attacks.

Brute force attack

A brute force attack is a method where an attacker tries a huge number of password combinations until the right one is found. Strong and long passwords make such an attack practically impossible.

Cyberattack

A cyberattack is a deliberate attempt to damage, disrupt or gain unauthorized access to a computer, network or data. It can take the form of malware, phishing, DDoS and many other techniques.

Data breach

A data breach is a situation where sensitive information ends up in the hands of unauthorized people, whether through an attack or negligence. It can lead to identity theft or misuse of login credentials.

DDoS attack

A DDoS attack floods a website or service with a massive number of requests from many devices at once until it stops working. The goal is to make the service unavailable to normal users.

EDR

EDR is advanced endpoint protection that not only blocks threats like a classic antivirus but also watches for suspicious behavior and lets you respond to it quickly. It helps detect attacks that ordinary antivirus would miss.

Encryption

Encryption turns data into an unreadable form that only someone with the right key can read. It protects your files and communication from misuse even if they fall into the wrong hands.

Ethical hacking

Ethical hacking is the legal testing of systems where an expert looks for vulnerabilities with the owner's permission so they can be fixed before a real attacker exploits them. It helps companies improve their security.

Exploit

An exploit is a technique or piece of code that takes advantage of a specific vulnerability in software to gain access or take control of a system. Updates and patches neutralize most exploits.

HTTPS

HTTPS is the secure version of the protocol your browser uses to talk to a website, and it encrypts the data being transferred. You can recognize it by the padlock icon in the address bar.

Identity theft

Identity theft is the misuse of your personal data, such as your name, ID number or card details, to commit fraud in your name. The victim often finds out only through unauthorized payments or contracts.

Keylogger

A keylogger is a program or device that records every key you press in order to capture your passwords and sensitive data. It is often bundled with other malicious software.

Malvertising

Malvertising is malicious online advertising that can infect a device even without a click, simply by being displayed on a page. It spreads malware through seemingly trustworthy ad networks.

Malware

Malware is a general term for any harmful software that damages a device, steals data or spies on the user. It includes viruses, ransomware, spyware and other dangerous programs.

Man-in-the-middle attack

In this attack the attacker secretly inserts themselves between two communicating parties and eavesdrops on or alters the data being exchanged. Encryption and HTTPS make it much harder to succeed.

Password manager

A password manager is an app that securely stores and generates strong passwords so you do not have to remember them. You only need to remember one master password for the manager itself.

Security patch

A security patch is an update that specifically fixes a vulnerability an attacker could use to get into the system. Installing these patches promptly is one of the most effective ways to stay protected.

Pharming

Pharming redirects a user to a fake website even when they type the correct address, in order to steal login credentials. Unlike phishing, it does not need you to click a fraudulent link.

Phishing

Phishing is a fraudulent attempt to trick you into handing over sensitive data such as passwords or card numbers through fake emails, messages or websites that look trustworthy. The attacker pretends to be your bank, a company or someone you know so you give up the information yourself.

Principle of least privilege

The principle of least privilege means that every user and program has only the rights strictly needed to do their job. It limits the damage if an account or device is compromised.

Ransomware

Ransomware is malicious software that encrypts your files and demands a ransom to unlock them. Even after paying there is no guarantee you will get your data back, which is why backups matter.

Scam email

A scam email is a message that tries to trick the recipient into paying, clicking a malicious link or revealing data. It often uses an urgent tone to make you feel you must act immediately.

Security awareness

Security awareness is the ability of employees to recognize threats such as phishing or scam messages and respond to them correctly. Regular training is often the cheapest and most effective protection a company can have.

Security update

A security update is a software improvement that fixes known weaknesses and increases resistance to attacks. Postponing updates leaves a device needlessly exposed.

Smishing

Smishing is phishing carried out through SMS messages where the attacker lures you into clicking a malicious link or sending data. It often pretends to be a parcel courier, a bank or a public office.

Spam

Spam is unsolicited bulk messages, most often emails, that push advertising or may contain fraudulent links. Some are just annoying while others are dangerous.

Spyware

Spyware is malicious software that secretly monitors your activity and collects data such as passwords, browsing history or location. It does this without your knowledge and sends the information to an attacker.

SSL/TLS

SSL/TLS are technologies that encrypt the connection between your device and a server and verify the identity of a website. They prevent data from being eavesdropped on or altered in transit.

Strong password

A strong password is long and hard to guess, mixes uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers and symbols, and is not reused across accounts. The longer and more unique it is, the harder it is to crack.

Trojan horse

A Trojan horse is malicious software disguised as a useful or harmless app so you install it yourself. Once run, it opens access to your device for the attacker.

Two-factor authentication (2FA/MFA)

Two-factor authentication adds a second login step on top of your password, such as a code from an app or SMS. Even if someone steals your password, they cannot get into the account without the second factor.

Virus

A computer virus is malicious code that attaches itself to files or programs and spreads when you run them. It can damage data, slow down a device or disable it completely.

Vulnerability

A vulnerability is a weakness or flaw in software, a system or a configuration that an attacker can exploit. Regular updates help close these gaps.

Zero-day vulnerability

A zero-day is a security flaw in software that the vendor does not yet know about and has no fix for. Attackers can exploit it before a patch is released.

SIEM

A SIEM is a system that collects and analyses logs from across a company network and flags suspicious behaviour. It helps detect an attack or breach early.

Honeypot

A honeypot is a decoy set up to look like a tempting target, but it actually serves to detect and observe attackers. It lures them away from the real systems.

Sandbox

A sandbox is a separate, isolated environment where a suspicious program can be run safely without risk to the rest of the computer. Antivirus tools use it to test threats.

Penetration test

A penetration test is a controlled attempt to break into a network or application to find weaknesses before an attacker does. It is carried out by an expert with the owner's consent.

Vishing

Vishing is a scam over a phone call where the attacker poses as your bank, support or an authority and tries to extract data or money from you. It is the voice version of phishing.

Credential stuffing

Credential stuffing is an attack where stolen usernames and passwords from one breach are tried on other services. It works because people reuse the same passwords.

Rootkit

A rootkit is a particularly dangerous piece of malware that hides deep in the system, gains full control over it and tries to stay invisible. Removing it is usually difficult.

Adware

Adware is an unwanted program that floods the computer with ads and pop-ups and changes browser settings. It is annoying and sometimes tracks your behaviour.

Dark web

The dark web is a hidden part of the internet accessible only via special software, where stolen data and passwords are traded among other things. Ordinary search engines do not index it.

Zero Trust

Zero Trust is a security approach that trusts no one by default and requires every access to be verified, even from inside the network. Its motto: never trust, always verify.

Software and operating systems

Android

The most used operating system for mobile phones and tablets, built on Linux. It is developed by Google and used by most phone makers.

Antivirus software

A program that protects a computer from viruses and other harmful software by finding and removing it. To stay effective it must be updated regularly.

Application

A program made for a specific task, such as writing text, playing music or communicating. It runs within the operating system and is operated directly by the user.

Booting

The process of turning on and starting a computer during which the operating system is loaded into memory. Only after it is the computer ready for use.

Bootloader

A small program that runs right after the computer starts and takes care of loading the operating system. If several systems are on the disk, it lets you choose which one to start.

Command line

A text environment where the computer is controlled by typing written commands instead of clicking with a mouse. It is used mainly by system administrators and advanced users.

Container

A lightweight, isolated package in which an application runs together with everything it needs. Unlike a virtual machine it does not need its own operating system, so it is faster and smaller.

Control panel

A place in Windows where the computer and system settings are found. Here the user can manage programs, devices, user accounts and other options.

Desktop

The main screen of the operating system that appears after you log in. It holds icons, shortcuts and a taskbar for quickly launching programs.

Disk cloning

Making an exact copy of an entire disk including the system, programs and settings. It is used when replacing a disk or moving content to a new computer.

Docker

The best known tool for building and running containers. It makes it easy to deploy applications so they work the same on a developer's computer and on a server.

Driver

A small program that lets the operating system talk correctly to a specific device, such as a printer or graphics card. Without the right driver, the device may not work.

Driver update

Replacing a device driver with a newer version that can bring better performance or fix bugs. It often solves problems with graphics, sound or a printer.

FAT32

An older and simple file system that works almost everywhere but cannot handle files larger than 4 GB. It is often used on USB sticks and memory cards.

File system

The way an operating system stores and organizes files and folders on a disk. Common types are NTFS on Windows or FAT32 on USB sticks.

Firmware

Special software built directly into a device that controls its basic operation. It is found, for example, in routers, printers and televisions.

Formatting

The process of preparing a disk or USB stick for use by creating a file system on it. Formatting usually erases all data that was there before.

Hypervisor

Software that creates and manages virtual machines and shares the physical machine's power between them. It is the foundation of server virtualization.

Installer

A program or package that automatically copies and sets up new software on a computer. It usually guides the user through the installation step by step.

Kernel

The most important part of the operating system that directly controls the hardware and shares resources between programs. It runs hidden in the background and the user normally never sees it.

License

The rules that say how software may be used, copied and shared. Some licenses are paid, while others allow free use.

Linux

A free operating system with open source code that comes in many versions called distributions. It commonly runs on servers but can also be used on an ordinary computer.

Linux distribution

A specific version of the Linux operating system put together with its own environment and programs, such as Ubuntu or Debian. They differ in look, focus and difficulty.

macOS

Apple's operating system that runs only on Mac computers. It is known for being easy to use and for working closely with other Apple devices.

NTFS

A modern file system used mainly on Windows that handles large files and access permissions. It is more reliable and secure than the older FAT32.

Office suite

A set of programs for everyday work such as writing documents, making spreadsheets and presentations. The best known are Microsoft Office and the free LibreOffice.

Open source

Software whose source code is publicly available so anyone can view, change and share it. It is often free and developed by a community.

Operating system

The basic software that runs the whole computer and lets you start programs. It manages memory, disks, the screen and the link between the hardware and your applications.

Partition

A logically separated part of a disk that behaves like its own unit. A single physical disk can be split, for example, into a system area and a data area.

Patch

A small software fix that tweaks a specific bug or adds a minor improvement to a program. It replaces only the needed part of the program without reinstalling the whole thing.

Process

A running program or task that the computer is currently carrying out. The operating system can show them and, if needed, end them.

Registry

A central database in Windows that stores settings for the system and installed programs. Careless changes to it can cause problems with how the computer runs.

Safe mode

A special way of starting the operating system with only the basic functions and drivers. It is used to fix problems when the computer will not start normally.

Snapshot

A saved state of a virtual machine or system at an exact moment that you can return to at any time. It is handy before risky changes or updates.

System image

A single file that holds a complete snapshot of a disk or system at a given moment. From it a computer can be quickly restored to its earlier state.

Update

A newer version of a program or system that brings improvements, new features or bug fixes. Regular updates help keep a computer safe and working well.

Virtual machine (VM)

A computer that exists only as software inside another computer but behaves like a separate machine with its own operating system. It can be easily backed up, copied or deleted.

Virtualization

A technology that lets several separate computers run inside one physical machine. It makes better use of the hardware and keeps different environments apart.

Web browser

A program for viewing web pages on the internet, such as Chrome, Firefox or Edge. It lets you search, read content and use online services.

Windows

The most widely used operating system for desktops and laptops, made by Microsoft. It is found in homes and companies and runs most common programs.

Defragmentation

Defragmentation reorganises scattered file fragments on a classic hard drive so they load faster. It is neither done nor needed on modern SSDs.

TRIM

TRIM is a function that keeps an SSD fast by telling it which blocks are no longer needed. Thanks to it, an SSD keeps its performance over time.

Swap (page file)

The page file is a part of the disk the system uses as a temporary extension of RAM when memory runs short. With too little memory it noticeably slows the computer down.

Task Manager

Task Manager shows which programs are running and how much memory or CPU they use, and lets you end a frozen application. You open it with Ctrl+Shift+Esc.

Group Policy

Group Policy lets a company centrally set rules for all computers at once, such as passwords, access rights or allowed programs. It saves time when managing many machines.

WSL

WSL lets you run Linux directly inside Windows without needing a second computer or a virtual machine. It is used mainly by developers and administrators.

Package manager

A package manager installs, updates and removes programs from a trusted source with a single command, typical of Linux. It keeps software tidy and secure.

Bloatware

Bloatware is unnecessary pre-installed software that comes with a new computer or phone and only takes up space and slows it down. Most of it can be safely removed.

System Restore

System Restore returns Windows settings to an earlier point when everything still worked, without losing your files. It helps after a failed installation or an error.

Compatibility mode

Compatibility mode lets you run an older program in Windows as if it were running on an older version of the system. It helps when an old application otherwise refuses to work.

Cloud, email and web

A record

A DNS record that maps a domain to a specific server IP address where the website runs. Thanks to it the browser knows which server to connect to.

API (application programming interface)

An interface through which two programs or services communicate and exchange data. Thanks to it, for example, an online shop can automatically send orders into accounting software.

CDN (content delivery network)

A network of servers spread around the world that keeps copies of a website closer to visitors. As a result pages load faster and the site can handle more visitors.

Cloud

Cloud means using computing services, storage and applications over the internet instead of your own computer or server. You usually pay only for what you use and the provider takes care of the hardware.

Cloud backup

Regularly saving a copy of your data to remote servers in the cloud in case of loss, failure or attack. If something goes wrong you can restore the data even if your own hardware fails.

Cloud migration

Moving company data, email and applications from your own servers into the cloud. The aim is lower maintenance, better availability and access to data from anywhere.

CMS (content management system)

A system that lets you manage website content without programming knowledge, similar to writing in a text editor. A well-known example is WordPress.

CNAME

A DNS record that points one domain name to another, working like an alias or redirect. It is used for example for subdomains that should point to the same place as the main address.

CSS

A language that defines the look of a web page, including colors, fonts, layout and spacing. It makes a page look attractive and consistent.

DNS record

An entry in the DNS system that tells where a domain or its services, such as the website or mail, should point. DNS works like the internet's phone book, translating names into addresses.

Domain

Your company's internet address, such as tiptech.sk, that people remember and type into a browser. You rent a domain for a set period and need to renew it regularly.

Email gateway

An entry point through which all incoming and outgoing mail passes and where it is checked for threats. It helps block spam, viruses and fraudulent emails.

Exchange Online

Microsoft's cloud email service that manages business email, calendars and contacts. The mail runs on Microsoft servers, so you do not need to operate your own mail server.

Hosted email

Business email with your own domain that runs on a provider's servers instead of your own server. It simplifies management and improves mail reliability.

HTML

The basic language in which web pages are written, defining their content and structure such as headings, paragraphs and links. The browser uses it to display the page.

IaaS (infrastructure as a service)

Renting basic computing resources over the internet, such as virtual servers, storage and networking. You have full control over the setup but do not have to buy your own hardware.

IMAP

A way of reading email where messages stay on the server and you see them the same way on your phone and computer. Changes sync across all your devices.

Microsoft 365

A subscription bundle of Microsoft office apps and services including Word, Excel, Outlook, business email and cloud storage. It works on a subscription basis and runs largely over the internet.

MX record

A type of DNS record that specifies which server receives email for your domain. Without a correct MX record your mail would not arrive.

OneDrive

Microsoft's cloud storage where you can save files and access them from any device. Files sync automatically and can be shared easily.

PaaS (platform as a service)

A rented environment where developers build and run applications without worrying about servers and operating systems. You only manage your own code while the rest runs in the cloud.

POP3

An older way of fetching email where messages are downloaded to a single device and usually removed from the server. It suits you if you want mail only on one computer.

Public vs private cloud

A public cloud shares infrastructure among many customers at a provider, while a private cloud is dedicated to a single company. Private gives more control, public is usually cheaper and more flexible.

Responsive design

A way of designing a website where the page automatically adapts to the screen size of a phone, tablet or computer. The content stays readable on every device.

SaaS (software as a service)

A ready-to-use application you access over the internet without installing anything, such as email or accounting software in a browser. You pay a monthly or yearly fee and the vendor handles updates.

SEO (search engine optimization)

A set of website improvements that help a page rank higher in search results such as Google. The goal is to make it easier for customers to find you.

Shared drive

A common storage that multiple people on a team can access to store and manage shared files. Everyone sees the current version of the documents.

SharePoint

A Microsoft business platform for sharing documents and enabling team collaboration in one place. It also serves as an internal company portal and file library.

Single sign-on (SSO)

A way of signing in where one login gives you access to several applications at once without entering a password repeatedly. It simplifies work and improves security.

SLA (service level agreement)

A contractual commitment from a provider that sets the promised availability and quality of a service, for example how many hours of downtime are allowed per year. It gives the customer certainty about what to expect.

SMTP

The protocol responsible for sending email from the sender to the recipient. It works in the background every time you send a message.

Spam filter

A tool that automatically detects and sets aside unwanted or suspicious mail so it does not clog your inbox. It moves suspicious messages into a spam folder.

SSL certificate

A security certificate that encrypts the connection between the browser and the website, shown as https with a padlock in the address. It protects transmitted data from eavesdropping.

Subdomain

A part placed before the main domain, such as shop.tiptech.sk, used to separate a distinct section of a website or service. It lets you have multiple sections under one domain.

Synchronization

A process where your files and data stay the same across all devices at once. When you change a file in one place, the change automatically appears everywhere else.

Web application

A program that runs directly in a browser over the internet without installing it on your computer. Examples include online banking or an ordering system.

Web hosting

A service that provides space on a server where your website is stored and made available. Thanks to it your site is accessible to visitors around the clock over the internet.

Webhook

An automatic message that one service sends to another the moment a certain event happens, such as a new payment. It works as an instant notification between systems.

SPF

SPF is an email protection that defines which servers may send mail for your domain, making it harder for scammers to spoof your address. It is set up in DNS records.

DKIM

DKIM adds a digital signature to outgoing emails, by which the recipient verifies the message truly came from your domain and was not altered in transit. Together with SPF it improves deliverability.

DMARC

DMARC builds on SPF and DKIM and tells what should happen to mail that fails their checks, for example to discard it. It protects your brand from being abused in scams.

SFTP

SFTP is a secure way to transfer files to and from a server over an encrypted connection. It is the secure replacement for the old unencrypted FTP.

SSH

SSH is an encrypted way to log in remotely and control a server via the command line. Administrators use it to manage devices securely from a distance.

JSON

JSON is a simple text format for exchanging data between programs and web services. It is readable by both humans and machines and is used almost everywhere on the web.

Uptime

Uptime expresses how much of the time a service or website is continuously available, usually as a percentage. High uptime (for example 99.9%) means minimal downtime.

TTL

TTL defines how long a piece of data (such as a DNS record) may be kept in cache before it is fetched again. A lower TTL means changes take effect sooner.

Staging environment

Staging is a copy of a website or application where changes are tested before they go live. This avoids errors right in front of customers.

Git

Git is a system for tracking changes in files and code that keeps the full history and lets you revert to an older version. It is the foundation of modern teamwork on software.

Smart home, IoT and multimedia

3D printing

Making physical objects layer by layer from a digital model. It is used for prototypes, spare parts and home-made items.

Backup generator

A device that produces its own electricity during a longer power outage, usually from fuel. It keeps essential appliances running while the grid is down.

Bluetooth

A wireless technology for connecting devices over short distances, such as headphones to a phone. It works without cables and without the internet.

Camera system

A set of cameras, a recording unit and software used to monitor and protect a space. It allows live viewing as well as playback of recordings.

DVR

A recorder for cameras connected over coaxial cable, including modern HD variants. It converts their video into a digital recording and stores it on a disk.

E-ink display

A display that looks like printed paper and uses power only when the content changes. It is easy to read in sunlight and saves battery.

FDM

The most common 3D printing technology, where a molten plastic strand is laid down layer by layer. It is affordable and typical for home printers.

Filament

A plastic strand wound on a spool that serves as the material for FDM 3D printers. The printer heats it and lays it down gradually.

Home storage (NAS)

Network-attached storage connected to your home network that all devices can reach. It is used for backups, file sharing and home media.

IoT (internet of things)

A term for everyday devices (bulbs, sensors, cameras) that connect to the internet and can communicate with each other. This lets you control and monitor them remotely.

IP camera

A camera that sends its video over a computer network or the internet. You can watch the live feed from a phone or computer anywhere.

IPTV

Television delivered over an internet connection instead of an aerial or satellite. It often lets you pause live TV and watch shows you missed.

Laser engraving

Burning images or text into a material using a laser beam. It is used on wood, leather, glass and metal.

Motion detection

A camera or sensor feature that recognizes movement in view. It can start recording or send an alert to your phone.

NFC

A technology for transferring data by holding two devices close together. It is used for contactless payments and quick pairing.

Night vision

A camera's ability to capture footage in the dark using infrared light. The recording is usually black and white at night.

NVR

A network video recorder that captures footage from IP cameras connected over the network. It stores recordings on a disk and manages several cameras at once.

Plex

Software that organizes your collection of movies, shows and music and serves it to your TV and phone. It works like your own home streaming service.

Powerline

A technology that carries internet over the regular electrical wiring in a house. It helps in spots where Wi-Fi cannot reach and cabling is hard.

Projector

A device that projects an image onto a wall or screen at a large size. It is used for home cinema as well as presentations.

QR code

A square black-and-white code that a phone scans with its camera. Once scanned it opens a link or passes on stored information.

Robot vacuum

A self-driving vacuum that moves around the home and cleans the floor using a map. You start it from an app or on a set schedule.

Sensor

A small device that detects something in its surroundings, such as temperature, motion, smoke or a door opening. It sends the measured information on to the system.

Set-top box

A receiver connected to a TV that provides access to channels or internet apps. It turns an ordinary television into a smart one.

Smart bulb

A bulb you control from an app or by voice that can change brightness and color. It can also be set to turn on automatically at certain times.

Smart home

A home where appliances, lighting and security are connected and can be controlled from a phone or by voice. Many actions can also run automatically based on rules you set.

Smart hub

A central unit that connects different smart devices from various brands into one system. It lets you control them all from a single app.

Smart lock

A door lock that opens with a phone, code or fingerprint instead of a key. It can also unlock remotely and keep a log of entries.

Smart plug

An adapter that plugs into a socket and lets you turn the connected device on and off remotely. Some models also measure power usage.

Smart thermostat

A thermostat that controls heating over the internet and learns your habits. It can save energy and heat only when you are home.

Smart TV

A television connected to the internet with apps like Netflix or YouTube built in. You do not need a separate set-top box to use them.

Smart weather station

A device that measures temperature, humidity and weather indoors and outdoors and sends the data to an app. It helps track conditions and plan ventilation or heating.

Smoke detector

A sensor that detects smoke from a fire and sets off a loud alarm. Smart versions also send an alert to your phone when you are away.

Soundbar

A long speaker placed under the TV that noticeably improves the sound. It replaces several separate speakers with a single unit.

Streaming

Playing video or music straight from the internet without downloading the file first. The content plays continuously while it loads.

Surge protection

Protection that absorbs a sudden voltage spike in the power line, for example during a storm. It helps prevent damage to connected devices.

UPS (uninterruptible power supply)

A battery-backed device that keeps power running for a while during an outage. It protects a computer or server from a sudden shutdown and data loss.

Voice assistant

A program that responds to spoken commands and can control smart devices in the home. Examples include Google Assistant, Alexa and Siri.

Wi-Fi repeater

A small plug-in device that picks up the Wi-Fi from your home router and repeats it into farther rooms. It is the cheapest do-it-yourself option, but it will not cover a large house as reliably as mesh.

Zigbee

A low-power wireless standard for smart devices that forms a connected mesh network. Devices relay the signal to each other and extend the range.

Matter

Matter is a new common smart-home standard that lets devices from different brands work together. Its goal is to end closed ecosystems.

Z-Wave

Z-Wave is a wireless technology for smart homes that links sensors and switches with low power use and long range. It is similar to Zigbee and uses its own frequency.

HDR

HDR widens the range of brightness and colour in the picture, so both bright and dark parts show more detail and richness. It stands out most in films and games on a supported TV.

Dolby Atmos

Dolby Atmos is surround sound that adds a height dimension, so sounds seem to come from all directions including above. It creates an immersive, cinematic experience.

Casting

Casting lets you send a picture or video from your phone or computer to the TV over Wi-Fi, for example using a Chromecast. You do not need any cable for it.

Smart doorbell

A smart doorbell has a built-in camera and microphone, so on your phone you can see who is at the door and talk to them even from afar. It often records motion too.

Geofencing

Geofencing uses your phone's location to trigger an action automatically when you arrive home or leave, such as turning on the heating or locking the door. It works like an invisible boundary around the house.

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