IT glossary

Lost in acronyms and technical jargon? Here are over 230 IT terms explained simply and in plain language - from hardware and networks through security to the smart home. Use the search field below or pick a category.

Hardware and components

80 PLUS (power supply efficiency)

80 PLUS is an efficiency certification for computer power supplies guaranteeing that at least 80 % of the energy drawn powers the computer rather than turning into heat. The Bronze, Gold, Platinum and Titanium tiers indicate higher efficiency, quieter operation and usually better components.

Adaptive sync (G-Sync, FreeSync)

Adaptive sync matches the monitor's refresh rate to the pace at which the graphics card renders frames. It removes tearing and stutter in games; G-Sync is Nvidia's version and FreeSync is AMD's.

Aspect ratio (16:9, 21:9)

Aspect ratio is the ratio of screen width to height; ordinary monitors are 16:9, ultrawides 21:9 or 32:9, and office monitors 16:10 with a bit more height. An ultrawide can replace two side-by-side monitors, but some games and videos do not use the full width.

Benchmark

A benchmark is a test that measures the performance of a computer or component and compares it with others. It helps tell whether a system delivers the performance it should.

BIOS

The BIOS is the basic program in a computer that runs first and prepares the hardware to boot the operating system. It also allows basic settings such as boot order.

Bottleneck

A bottleneck is the slowest component that holds back the whole computer, for example a weak processor paired with a powerful graphics card. Removing it raises the system's performance.

Brightness and contrast (nits)

Monitor brightness is stated in nits (cd/m²); 250 to 300 is enough for office work, HDR content needs 600 or more. Contrast is the ratio between the brightest and darkest colour; VA panels reach about 3000:1, IPS about 1000:1 and OLED is practically infinite.

Bulged capacitor

Capacitors on a motherboard or in a power supply degrade with age and heat, bulge or leak, and cause random restarts, failure to start or instability. A bulged top is visible to the naked eye and is one of the most common hardware faults in older equipment.

Bus

A bus is the set of wires and rules over which computer components exchange data, for example PCIe between the processor and the graphics card or SATA between the board and a drive. Its speed and width determine how much data passes per second and are often the real bottleneck of a build.

Cache

Cache is very fast memory inside the processor that stores frequently used data for instant access. A larger cache can boost performance in demanding tasks.

CAMM2 and LPCAMM2

CAMM2 is a new flat memory module format that is screwed flat onto the board and replaces SO-DIMM in laptops. LPCAMM2 is its version with low-power LPDDR5X memory and, although it looks similar, it is not interchangeable with CAMM2.

Case

The case is the outer enclosure of a computer into which all components are mounted. Besides protection it also affects airflow and cooling.

Charging adapter (voltage, current, wattage)

A charging adapter must match the original voltage, supply the same or higher current and use the correct connector; wattage is voltage multiplied by current. A weaker adapter charges slowly or not at all, while the wrong voltage can damage the laptop.

Chiplet

A chiplet is a way of building a processor from several smaller dies joined in one package instead of a single large piece of silicon. It lowers manufacturing cost and allows cores, memory and graphics to be combined, as in AMD Ryzen and Intel Core Ultra processors.

Chipset

The chipset is a set of chips on the motherboard that manages communication between the processor, memory and other parts. It affects which features and connections the board supports.

Cold boot vs restart

A cold boot is a complete power-off and power-on that clears memory and reinitialises all hardware, whereas a restart only reloads the system. Windows with Fast Startup actually hibernates on shut down, which is why a restart or unplugging the power helps more when troubleshooting.

Colour gamut (sRGB, DCI-P3)

Colour gamut indicates what portion of visible colours a monitor can display, measured as coverage of the sRGB, DCI-P3 or Adobe RGB spaces. For everyday work 100 % sRGB is enough; for photo and video editing look for 95 % DCI-P3 or more with factory calibration.

Cooler

A cooler removes heat from the processor or graphics card to prevent overheating. It can be air-based with a fan or liquid-based with coolant.

Core

A core is an independent computing part of the processor, where more cores allow doing more tasks at once. Modern processors usually have multiple cores.

CPU (processor)

The CPU (processor) is the main computing unit of a computer that executes program instructions and controls most operations. Its performance affects how quickly the computer handles tasks.

CPU socket

The socket is the place on the motherboard into which the processor is fitted. The processor and board must have the same socket type to be compatible.

DDR memory

DDR is a type of system memory, where newer generations such as DDR4 or DDR5 offer higher speed. The memory must be compatible with the motherboard.

DDR5

DDR5 is the current generation of system memory required by all new Intel and AMD processors. Compared with DDR4 it offers double the bandwidth, a lower 1.1 V supply, a power management chip on the module and a different connector notch, so the modules are not interchangeable.

DisplayPort

DisplayPort is a connector for transmitting video and audio, used mainly with computer monitors. It supports high resolutions and refresh rates suitable for gaming.

DisplayPort Alt Mode

DisplayPort Alt Mode is the ability of a USB-C port to carry video to a monitor or docking station. Not every USB-C port supports it, which is why an identical-looking port outputs video on one laptop and not on another.

DLSS and FSR (upscaling)

DLSS (Nvidia) and FSR (AMD) render a game at a lower resolution and use artificial intelligence or an algorithm to reconstruct it at the monitor's full resolution. The result is a much higher frame rate at nearly the same image quality.

Docking station

A docking station expands a laptop with extra ports so you can connect monitors, keyboard, mouse and network with a single cable. It makes working at a fixed desk easier.

DRAM cache in an SSD

DRAM cache is fast buffer memory on an SSD where the controller keeps the map of stored data so it can find it instantly. Drives without it (DRAM-less) are cheaper but slow down noticeably during long writes and when nearly full.

DriveLock (drive password)

DriveLock is a password stored in the drive controller itself that locks the data encryption key, so the drive cannot be read even after moving it to another computer. Unlike BitLocker it has no recovery key, so a forgotten password means permanent data loss.

Dual boot

Dual boot is the installation of two operating systems, most often Windows and Linux, on one computer with a choice at start-up. Each system has its own partition, and care is needed so that a Windows update does not overwrite the bootloader.

Dust and computer cleaning

Dust in heatsinks and fans blocks heat dissipation, so the computer overheats, gets loud and slows down. Cleaning with compressed air every year or two, together with replacing the thermal paste, restores original performance and extends its life.

DVI

DVI is a digital video connector that bridged the gap between old VGA and modern HDMI. You will mostly come across it on older monitors and graphics cards.

ECC memory

ECC memory can correct small data errors on its own, which is why it is used in servers and workstations where reliability is critical. Ordinary home PCs usually do not need it.

Expansion card

An expansion card is a board you insert into a slot on the motherboard to add a new function to the computer, such as sound, network or extra ports. It usually connects through the PCIe bus.

External GPU (eGPU)

An external GPU is an ordinary desktop graphics card in a separate enclosure with its own power supply, connected to a laptop or mini PC over Thunderbolt, USB4 or OcuLink. It adds performance for gaming and video editing without opening the device, but some performance is lost on the interface.

Fan

A fan moves air through the case or cooler and carries heat away from components. More fans usually mean better cooling but also more noise.

Form factor

Form factor defines the size and shape of a component, such as a motherboard (ATX, microATX) or a drive. It has to fit the case, so it matters when building a PC.

GPU (graphics card)

The GPU (graphics card) handles rendering images, games and video, taking load off the CPU during demanding graphics. It matters most for gaming, video editing and 3D work.

HDD (hard drive)

An HDD (hard drive) is traditional storage with spinning platters that offers a lot of space at a low price. It is slower than an SSD but suitable for archiving data.

HDMI

HDMI is a connector that carries video and audio over a single cable between a computer, monitor or TV. It is a common standard for connecting displays.

HDMI CEC and ARC

CEC lets you control several devices with one remote over the HDMI cable, for example switching on the TV together with a receiver. ARC (Audio Return Channel) sends sound from the TV back to a soundbar or amplifier over the same cable, and eARC also handles uncompressed surround sound.

Hot-swap

Hot-swap means a drive or other module can be replaced without powering the device down, as supported by NAS units and servers with drive bays. In a RAID array a failed drive can thus be replaced without downtime and the array rebuilds itself.

Hyperthreading (SMT)

Hyperthreading, generically SMT, lets one physical processor core handle two threads at once, so the system sees twice as many logical processors. It does not double performance, but typically adds 15 to 30 % in multi-threaded workloads.

Integrated graphics

Integrated graphics is a graphics chip built directly into the processor that needs no separate graphics card. It is enough for everyday work but tends to be weaker for gaming.

Keyboard (mechanical vs membrane)

A mechanical keyboard has a separate switch under each key with a precise actuation point and a lifespan of tens of millions of presses. A membrane keyboard is quieter and cheaper, but has a softer, less distinct keystroke and a shorter life.

KVM switch

A KVM switch lets you control several computers with one keyboard, mouse and monitor. You switch between them with a button or shortcut, handy when you have multiple machines on one desk.

Laptop battery (cycles and wear)

A laptop battery ages with every charge cycle and after a few hundred cycles it holds noticeably less. You can check its health in the system or BIOS as the ratio of current to original capacity; below 60 to 70 % a replacement is worthwhile.

Liquid-damaged electronics

Liquid in a laptop or smartphone causes damage not only by short circuits but mainly by corrosion, which eats away board contacts over days and weeks. The device must be switched off immediately, the battery disconnected, and rather than drying it in rice it should be professionally cleaned.

M.2 slot

M.2 is a small connector on the motherboard into which a thin SSD plugs without cables. It saves space and is used mainly in laptops and modern computers.

Memory bus width (bit)

The memory bus width of a graphics card states how many bits it moves at once between the GPU and its memory, typically 128, 192 or 256 bits. Together with the memory speed it sets the bandwidth that decides performance at high resolutions.

Mini PC

A mini PC is a full computer the size of a book, often with a laptop processor, that fits behind a monitor or inside a cabinet. It suits offices, media use and home servers, but its graphics and cooling are limited.

Monitor

A monitor is the screen on which the computer displays its output. Its quality is determined mainly by size, resolution, color reproduction and refresh rate.

Monitor panel type (IPS, VA, OLED)

The panel type determines how a monitor renders colours, contrast and motion. IPS offers accurate colours and wide viewing angles, VA a higher contrast, and OLED perfect blacks with instant response, though static content can burn in.

Monitor response time (ms)

Response time states how quickly a pixel changes colour, in milliseconds; with a slow response, moving objects leave blurred trails. Gamers are fine with 1 to 5 ms, but manufacturers measure it in different ways, so compare only the same measurement type.

Motherboard

The motherboard is the main board of the computer that connects the processor, memory, drives and other components. It determines which parts can be added to the computer.

MXM module

MXM is a replaceable graphics card format for laptops and industrial computers, where the whole GPU sits on a small board with a 285-pin connector. It has disappeared from consumer laptops but is still used in industrial, medical and signage equipment.

NPU (neural processing unit)

An NPU is a specialised part of the processor designed for artificial intelligence workloads such as speech recognition, background blur in video calls or Copilot+ features. It handles them with far lower power consumption than the main cores or the GPU.

NVMe

NVMe is a modern connection standard for SSDs that enables much higher speeds than older interfaces. The drive connects directly through the PCIe bus.

OcuLink

OcuLink is a connector that carries PCIe lanes out of a computer over a cable without converting them to another protocol. It is mainly used to attach an external graphics card to a mini PC or gaming handheld, but unlike Thunderbolt it does not support hot-plugging.

Overclocking

Overclocking is raising the operating frequency of a processor or graphics card above the manufacturer's setting for higher performance. It increases heat and power use and requires better cooling.

PCIe

PCIe is a fast bus on the motherboard into which graphics cards and other expansion cards connect. The more lanes it has, the higher the throughput it offers.

Peripheral

A peripheral is an external device connected to a computer, such as a keyboard, mouse, printer or speakers. It is used to control the computer or present its output.

Power connectors (Molex, SATA, 12VHPWR)

A computer power supply feeds components through different connectors: 24-pin for the board, 8-pin EPS for the processor, SATA for drives, older Molex for fans, and 6/8-pin PCIe or the new 12VHPWR for graphics cards. The 12VHPWR connector must be fully seated, otherwise it can overheat under heavy load.

Process node (lithography, nm)

The process node indicates the generation of technology used to manufacture a chip and is labelled in nanometres, for example 3 nm. A smaller number usually means a more efficient and faster chip, but today it is more a marketing label than the actual transistor size.

PSU (power supply)

The PSU (power supply) converts mains voltage from the wall outlet into the voltages the computer's components need. A quality and sufficiently powerful PSU is important for system stability.

Pure sine wave UPS (pure vs modified sine)

A pure sine wave UPS delivers the same voltage waveform as the mains during an outage, while cheaper modified sine models output a stepped waveform. An ordinary computer copes with either, but power supplies with active PFC, servers and sensitive electronics require a pure sine wave.

RAID

RAID combines multiple drives into one unit for higher speed or to protect data if a drive fails. Depending on the setup it can speed up data, back it up, or both.

RAM (memory)

RAM (memory) temporarily holds the data the computer is currently working with so it can access it instantly. Its contents are erased when the computer is turned off.

Ray tracing

Ray tracing is a rendering technique in which the graphics card simulates the path of light rays, making reflections, shadows and lighting in games look realistic. It is very demanding, which is why it is combined with upscaling such as DLSS or FSR.

Refresh rate

Refresh rate indicates how many times per second the image on a monitor updates, measured in hertz (Hz). A higher value means smoother motion, which gamers appreciate most.

Refurbished computer

A refurbished computer is a used machine, usually from a corporate fleet, that a seller has cleaned, tested and sells with a warranty. For a fraction of the price of a new one it offers solid business-grade build quality, but expect a worn battery and an older processor generation.

Resolution

Resolution indicates how many dots (pixels) make up the image on a monitor. Higher resolution means a sharper and more detailed picture.

S.M.A.R.T. (drive health)

S.M.A.R.T. is the self-diagnostics of hard drives and SSDs that tracks values such as reallocated sectors, temperature or wear and warns of an approaching failure. A regular check with a tool such as CrystalDiskInfo can reveal a problem before you lose data.

SATA

SATA is an interface for connecting hard drives and SATA SSDs to the motherboard. It is slower than NVMe but still common for high-capacity drives.

Secure Boot

Secure Boot is a UEFI feature that allows only digitally signed bootloaders and drivers to run at start-up, blocking malicious code hidden beneath the operating system. Windows 11 requires it, and installing Linux or older systems sometimes needs it adjusted.

Serial number and service tag

The serial number, or service tag with some manufacturers, uniquely identifies a specific device and is found on a label, in the BIOS or in the operating system. The manufacturer uses it to look up the exact configuration, warranty status and correct drivers.

SSD

An SSD is fast storage with no moving parts that greatly speeds up system startup and program loading. It is more resistant to shocks than a traditional hard drive.

Start-up diagnostics (POST, beep codes)

POST is the hardware check the BIOS performs right after power-on; when it fails, the board reports it with a series of beeps, blinking LEDs or a numeric code. The pattern reveals whether memory, graphics or the processor is at fault before anything appears on screen.

TBW (SSD endurance)

TBW (Terabytes Written) states how many terabytes of data can be written to an SSD before the manufacturer's reliability guarantee ends. A typical user writes a few terabytes a year, so a drive rated 600 TBW or more will outlast its useful life.

Thermal design power (TDP)

TDP indicates how much heat a processor or graphics card produces and how much the cooler must handle. A higher TDP means a more powerful but also hotter component.

Thermal pad

A thermal pad is a soft layer that transfers heat from a component to a cooler where paste would not suffice. It is used for example with memory chips or SSDs.

Thermal paste

Thermal paste is a thick compound applied between the processor and cooler that improves heat transfer. It fills microscopic gaps and improves cooling.

Thread

A thread is a separate stream of tasks a core can process, where one core can handle two threads at once. More threads improve performance in multitasking.

Throttling

Throttling is the automatic reduction of a component's performance when it gets too hot, to protect it from damage. It shows up as slowdown during prolonged heavy load.

Thunderbolt

Thunderbolt is a very fast interface (using the USB-C connector) for connecting drives, monitors or docking stations. It carries both data and video over a single cable.

TLC and QLC (NAND type)

TLC and QLC indicate how many bits a single flash cell in an SSD stores, three or four. QLC is cheaper and allows larger capacities, but has lower endurance and slower sustained writes, so it suits storage rather than a system drive.

TPM

TPM is a security chip that safely stores encryption keys and protects the computer during startup. It is required for example by Windows 11 and disk encryption.

Turbo (boost) frequency

Turbo frequency is a temporary clock increase above the base value that the processor allows itself while it has thermal and power headroom. In a thin laptop or with weak cooling the processor holds it only briefly before dropping back.

UEFI

UEFI is a more modern replacement for the BIOS with a graphical interface, faster startup and support for larger drives. It also enables security features during computer startup.

USB

USB is a universal connection for keyboards, mice, flash drives, printers and many other devices. It is the most widespread connector for attaching peripherals.

USB hub

A USB hub turns one USB port into several, so you can connect more devices to the computer at once. Some have their own power supply for more demanding devices like external drives.

USB Power Delivery (PD)

USB Power Delivery is the USB-C charging standard in which the charger and the device negotiate the voltage and power, up to 240 W. It lets a laptop charge from the same adapter as a smartphone, provided the adapter delivers enough power.

USB-C

USB-C is a smaller, reversible connector that can be plugged in regardless of orientation. It handles data transfer, charging and video through a single cable.

VGA

VGA is an older analogue connector for sending video to a monitor, recognisable by its blue 15-pin plug. It has been replaced by the higher-quality HDMI and DisplayPort.

VRAM

VRAM is special memory on the graphics card that stores textures and image data for smooth display. More VRAM helps with high resolutions and demanding games.

Warranty claim and RMA

RMA is the process by which a manufacturer or seller accepts a faulty product for warranty repair or replacement, usually with an assigned number and a form. Back up your data before sending anything, because drives and laptops often come back wiped or replaced.

Wi-Fi and Bluetooth module (M.2)

A Wi-Fi and Bluetooth module is a small card in an M.2 slot (key E) that gives a laptop or mini PC its wireless connectivity. It can be swapped for a newer one, for example with Wi-Fi 6E or 7 support, if the device firmware allows it.

Workplace ergonomics

Workplace ergonomics is arranging the monitor, chair, desk and keyboard so that long hours of work do not strain the eyes, neck or wrists. The top edge of the monitor should be at eye level about an arm's length away, and the chair should support the back with feet flat on the floor.

Workstation

A workstation is a computer or laptop designed for demanding professional work such as CAD, 3D graphics, video editing or scientific computing. It differs from an ordinary machine with professional graphics, ECC memory, certified drivers and longer availability of spare parts.

XMP and EXPO profile

XMP (Intel) and EXPO (AMD) are profiles stored in the memory module that, once enabled in the BIOS, set a higher speed and timings than the base standard. Without enabling them even expensive fast memory runs only at its base frequency.

Computer networks and internet

2.4 GHz vs 5 GHz

Two Wi-Fi frequency bands: 2.4 GHz has a longer range but is slower, while 5 GHz is faster but has a shorter range. A router often offers both at the same time.

Access point

A device that creates a Wi-Fi signal and lets devices connect to the network wirelessly. It is often used to cover larger areas than a single router can reach.

Antenna (gain in dBi, directional and omnidirectional)

Antenna gain in dBi expresses how strongly the antenna concentrates the signal in one direction: an omnidirectional antenna covers its surroundings evenly, a directional one sends the signal far but only in a narrow beam. Higher gain does not mean more power, only a different coverage shape, so directional antennas are used for links between buildings and omnidirectional ones indoors.

Auto-negotiation (link speed negotiation)

Auto-negotiation is the process in which two connected devices agree on the highest common speed and duplex mode. If a gigabit link runs at only 100 Mbit/s, the culprit is usually a cable with a broken pair or a badly crimped connector, because gigabit needs all four wire pairs.

Band steering (automatic band selection)

Band steering is an access point feature that moves devices capable of 5 GHz or 6 GHz away from the crowded 2.4 GHz band to the faster band under the same network name. The user sets nothing, the network has one name and devices connect where it is most advantageous.

Bandwidth

The maximum amount of data a network or connection can carry in a given time. The higher it is, the more devices and activities the network can handle at once.

Cable certification testing

Certification testing uses a dedicated instrument to verify that every installed link meets the parameters of its category (for example Cat6A for 10 Gbit/s), including attenuation, crosstalk and length. The result is a report for each socket, which is required when handing over business networks and serves as the basis for the warranty.

CAPsMAN (centralised access point management)

CAPsMAN is a feature of MikroTik RouterOS that lets you manage all access points in a network from a single router. Network settings, passwords and channels are entered once and pushed to every access point, which simplifies administration and seamless roaming.

Captive portal

A captive portal is the login page that appears when you connect to public Wi-Fi (hotels, cafés) and asks for agreement or sign-in. Only then does it let you onto the internet.

CGNAT

CGNAT is address translation on the operator's side where several customers share one public IP address, common mainly with mobile and LTE internet. Because of it port forwarding and direct remote access to your home do not work; the solution is a public IP from the operator or a VPN through a server outside the home.

Client isolation

Client isolation is an access point setting that prevents devices connected to the same Wi-Fi from seeing or communicating with each other. It is used in guest and public networks so that one visitor's infected laptop cannot attack the others.

Connection speed

A measure of how fast a connection can download and upload data, usually in Mbps. Higher speed means smoother video streaming and faster downloads.

Crimping (fitting an RJ45 connector)

Crimping is pressing an RJ45 connector onto the end of a network cable with a special tool, following the exact colour order of the wires (T568B standard). A badly crimped connector is the most common cause of slow or fluctuating wired connections, which is why fixed cabling is better terminated in sockets and patch panels.

DDNS (dynamic DNS)

DDNS is a service that assigns a fixed domain name to your home connection even though the operator changes your public IP address regularly. The router or NAS reports the new address automatically, so you always reach your cameras or storage under the same name.

Dead zone

A spot in a home or office where the Wi-Fi signal does not reach or is too weak. It is solved by better router placement, a mesh system or an extender.

DHCP

A service that automatically assigns IP addresses and other settings to devices on a network. Thanks to it you do not have to set addresses by hand.

DNS

A system that translates website names like tiptech.sk into the numeric IP addresses computers understand. It works like the internet's phone book.

Double NAT

Double NAT occurs when two routers sit one behind the other and each translates addresses, typically the operator's modem with your own router behind it. Ordinary browsing works, but port forwarding, VPN, game consoles or remote access to cameras fail until the first router is switched to bridge mode.

Download / upload

Download is receiving data from the internet to your device, while upload is the opposite direction out to the internet. Many connections have faster download than upload.

Dynamic and static IP

A dynamic IP address changes from time to time (common in homes), while a static one stays the same. A static IP is useful for remote access to cameras or a server.

Ethernet

A standard for connecting devices to a network by cable, providing a stable and fast connection. It uses an RJ45 connector and cable.

Failover (backup connection)

Failover is the automatic switch to a backup internet connection, for example LTE, when the main fibre or cable line goes down. It is configured in the router, which monitors both links, and is essential wherever an outage means lost revenue or security, such as with tills, cameras or alarms.

Fibre optic cable (single-mode and multi-mode)

Single-mode fibre carries light in a thin core over tens of kilometres and is used by operators and for links between buildings. Multi-mode has a thicker core, cheaper transceivers and suffices for hundreds of metres within a building; the two types must not be mixed and require matching SFP modules.

Fibre optic connection

A connection through glass fibre that carries data using light at very high speed. It offers a stable, fast connection over long distances.

Firewall

A security barrier that checks incoming and outgoing network traffic and blocks unwanted connections. It protects the network from attacks coming from the internet.

Gateway

The point through which your network communicates with other networks, most often the internet. This role is usually handled by the router.

Guest network (guest Wi-Fi)

A guest network is a separate Wi-Fi with its own password that gives visitors internet access but no access to your computers, printers, NAS or cameras. In businesses and rentals it is basic security hygiene, and on good routers it can be enabled without any extra hardware.

Half-duplex and full-duplex

Full-duplex means a device can send and receive data at the same time, which is the normal state of wired Ethernet. Half-duplex alternates between sending and receiving; today it appears mainly with a faulty cable or failed speed negotiation and shows up as slow, fluctuating transfers.

Hidden SSID

A hidden SSID means the access point does not broadcast the network name, so it does not appear in the list of available Wi-Fi networks. It gains no security, since freely available tools reveal the name in seconds, and it also complicates connecting and forces devices to keep probing for the network.

Internet service provider (ISP)

A company that provides your internet connection, for example via fibre, cable or wireless. It delivers the internet to your home or business.

IP address

A unique number that identifies a device on a network, much like a home address. It lets data find the correct recipient.

IPv6

IPv6 is the newer version of IP addresses, replacing the dwindling IPv4 and offering a practically inexhaustible supply. It looks like a longer string of numbers and letters separated by colons.

Jitter

Jitter is the irregular variation in network latency that causes stuttering in video calls and online gaming, even when the speed is good. A stable connection keeps jitter low.

Keystone module (RJ45 socket)

A keystone is a standardised snap-in module with an RJ45 socket into which the cable wires are punched down instead of crimping a plug. It fits into wall sockets and patch panels, can be replaced individually and gives a more reliable connection than a plug on the cable.

LAN (local area network)

A local network that connects devices in one place, such as a home or office. It lets them communicate and share a connection with each other.

Latency

The time it takes for data to travel from source to destination and back. Low latency matters for gaming, calls and video calls.

Load balancer

A load balancer spreads traffic across several servers so none gets overloaded and the service runs smoothly. If one server fails, the others take over its work.

LTE / 5G router

An LTE or 5G router is a router with a built-in SIM card modem that distributes internet from the mobile network over Wi-Fi and cables. It is used in cottages, apartments and as a backup for a fixed line; what matters when choosing is support for the operator's bands and the option to attach an external antenna.

MAC address

A unique factory number on a network card that identifies a specific device on a local network. Unlike an IP address it is tied directly to the hardware, although modern phones often deliberately randomize it on Wi-Fi for privacy.

MAC address filtering

MAC address filtering allows only devices with the listed hardware addresses of their network adapters to connect. As protection it is weak, since an attacker simply copies a MAC address, and modern smartphones also randomise it, so it tends to complicate life for the owner rather than the attacker.

Managed and unmanaged switch

An unmanaged switch is simply plugged in and works, suitable for adding ports at home. A managed switch has a web interface for configuring VLANs, prioritisation, PoE and monitoring, and is necessary wherever guest, camera and company networks are kept separate.

Mesh network

A set of several linked Wi-Fi units that together create one large, seamless signal across the whole home. Your devices switch between them automatically without dropping the connection.

MikroTik / RouterOS

MikroTik is a Latvian maker of routers, switches and access points that run the RouterOS operating system. For the price of a home router they offer business-grade features (VLANs, VPN, firewall, QoS), but they require expert configuration and regular updates.

Modem

A device that converts the signal from your internet provider into a form your network can use. It is the first point where the internet enters your home.

Modem bridge mode

Bridge mode turns off the router functions in the operator's modem and leaves it only converting the signal, so your own router holds the public IP address and controls the whole network. It removes double NAT and lets you use a better router such as MikroTik or UniFi.

MTU / Jumbo frames

MTU is the maximum size of a single packet the network carries without splitting it, 1500 bytes by default. Jumbo frames (typically 9000 bytes) reduce overhead when transferring large files between a NAS and a computer, but every device on the path must support them, otherwise hard-to-diagnose failures appear.

MU-MIMO and OFDMA

MU-MIMO lets an access point transmit to several devices simultaneously instead of taking turns, and OFDMA (from Wi-Fi 6) splits one channel into smaller parts for several devices at once. Both techniques speed up a network with dozens of devices, although they do not change the speed of a single laptop alone on the network.

NAT (network address translation)

A technique that lets many devices share a single public IP address when connecting to the internet. The router keeps track of which data belongs to which device.

Network audit

A network audit is an expert review of an existing network: devices, wiring, configuration, security, updates and performance. The output is a prioritised list of risks and recommendations, and it often reveals forgotten devices with default passwords, overloaded links or missing configuration backups.

Network cable (UTP, Cat6)

A network cable with eight wires in four twisted pairs, used to connect devices in a network by wire. A category such as Cat6 determines the speed and transmission quality it can handle.

Network card (NIC)

A part of a device that lets it connect to a network, either by cable or wirelessly. Without it the device could not communicate on the network.

Network loop and STP

A loop occurs when two switches are connected by two cables, or a cable is accidentally plugged from one port into another on the same switch, and the network floods with endlessly circulating packets. The STP protocol in managed switches detects such loops automatically and blocks the redundant path; cheap unmanaged switches lack this protection.

Network map and documentation

A network map is a diagram of all devices, links, addresses and VLANs, supplemented by a list of credentials and configuration backups. Without it every intervention starts with detective work; with it a fault is resolved in minutes and the company does not depend on one person who keeps it all in their head.

Network storage (NAS) versus cloud

A NAS is your own storage at home or in the company with a one-off cost, full control over the data and fast access on the local network. The cloud is rented storage with a monthly fee, reachable from anywhere without hardware worries, and the safest combination is a NAS with a backup to the cloud.

Optical network terminal (ONT) and SFP module

An ONT is the device at the end of the fibre cable that converts the operator's light signal into ordinary Ethernet for your router. An SFP is a small plug-in module for a router or switch that performs a similar job directly inside the device and lets you leave out a separate box.

Packet loss

Packet loss means some data is lost on its way through the network and has to be resent, causing stutters and dropouts. It often points to a problem with the line or Wi-Fi.

Parental control and content filtering

Network-level parental control lets the router or a DNS service block inappropriate websites and limit online time for selected children's devices. Unlike an app on a single device, it protects everything connected to the home Wi-Fi, including consoles and TVs.

Patch panel and rack cabinet

A patch panel is a strip of sockets on which the cables from the rooms are permanently terminated at the back, while short patch cables at the front connect them to the switch. A rack is the cabinet in which the panel, switch, router and backup power supply are stored neatly and safely.

Pi-hole (DNS-level ad blocking)

Pi-hole is free software that runs on a small computer or home server and acts as the DNS server for the whole household. It refuses to resolve advertising and tracking domains, so ads disappear on all devices at once, including smart TVs and apps where an ordinary ad blocker does not work.

Ping

A simple test that measures how quickly and reliably a device responds on a network. The result in milliseconds shows the connection's response speed.

PoE (power over ethernet)

A technology that carries electrical power along with data over a single network cable. A device like a camera or access point then needs no separate power outlet.

Point-to-point wireless link (PtP)

A point-to-point link connects two buildings with a pair of directional antennas that form a wireless cable over hundreds of metres to kilometres. It needs a clear line of sight; devices such as Ubiquiti airMAX or MikroTik Wireless Wire deliver hundreds of megabits up to a gigabit without any trenching.

Port

A number that, within one IP address, identifies a specific service or application, such as web or email. It helps route data to the right program.

Port forwarding

A router setting that allows access from the internet to a specific device or service on your network. It is used for example with cameras or servers.

PPPoE

PPPoE is a way of logging in to an internet provider with a username and password, common with DSL and some fibre connections in Slovakia. The credentials are entered into the router, and if you do not have them after replacing the router, you need to request them from the operator.

Protocol (TCP/IP)

A set of rules by which devices on a network exchange data so they understand each other. TCP/IP is the core set of protocols the internet runs on.

Proxy server

A proxy server is an intermediary between your device and the internet that traffic passes through. It is used for filtering content, speeding things up via a cache, or hiding your address.

Public vs private IP address

A public IP address identifies your network to the outside internet, while a private address identifies devices inside your network. Private addresses are not used directly on the internet.

QoS (quality of service)

A router feature that prioritises important network traffic, such as video calls, over less important traffic. It helps keep things smooth even on a busy network.

Repeater / extender

A device that picks up an existing Wi-Fi signal and repeats it further to cover more distant spots. It often halves the speed, so a mesh system or a wired access point is usually a better solution.

Reverse proxy

A reverse proxy sits in front of servers and distributes incoming internet requests to them, while also handling encryption and security. Visitors talk only to it, not directly to the server behind.

Roaming (moving between access points)

Roaming is the seamless hand-off of a device between several access points of the same network without dropping the connection as you move around a building. It works reliably with access points under one controller (for example UniFi or MikroTik CAPsMAN) that support 802.11k/v/r, whereas repeaters usually cannot do it.

Router

A device that connects your home or office network to the internet and directs the flow of data between connected devices. It decides where each piece of data should go.

Signal strength (dBm, RSSI)

Wi-Fi signal strength is given in dBm as a negative number, where a value closer to zero means a better signal: around -50 dBm is excellent, -70 dBm is marginal and below -80 dBm is unusable. RSSI is the same quantity as measured by the device and is used when planning where to place access points.

Site survey (coverage measurement)

A site survey is a professional measurement of Wi-Fi signal strength and quality in the individual parts of a building, producing a coverage map. It determines the number and placement of access points before anything is bought, so there are no dead zones and no needlessly expensive network.

SNMP and network monitoring

SNMP is the protocol through which a monitoring system reads data such as link utilisation, temperature or port status from routers, switches and servers. Tools such as Zabbix or LibreNMS turn this into graphs and raise an alert before an overloaded link becomes an outage.

SSID (network name)

The name of your Wi-Fi network that you see in the list of available networks when connecting. It helps tell your network apart from neighbouring ones.

Static route (routing)

A static route is a manually entered rule in a router that says through which gateway a specific foreign network is reached. It is used when several networks are joined, for example a branch office over VPN or a separate camera network, where packets would otherwise not find their way.

Structured cabling

Structured cabling is the systematic routing of network cables from a single rack to sockets in every room according to uniform rules and standards. It is done once during construction or renovation, lasts for decades and allows devices to be changed later without cutting into walls.

Subnet

A smaller part of a larger network that helps divide and organise devices logically. It improves clarity, performance and security of the network.

Switch

A device that connects multiple wired devices within one network, such as computers, printers and cameras. It sends data only to the device it is meant for.

Traceroute

Traceroute is a tool that shows the path data takes from you to a destination server and how long each hop takes. It helps find where in the network a slowdown occurs.

Ubiquiti UniFi

UniFi is Ubiquiti's line of network devices (access points, switches, gateways, cameras) managed from a single central interface. It is popular in businesses, guesthouses and larger homes that need several access points with seamless roaming and clear management.

Uptime monitoring

Uptime monitoring is the continuous checking from outside networks whether a website, e-mail or service responds, with an immediate alert on failure. It runs from several locations worldwide, so it also reveals problems invisible from your own office, and keeps an availability history for SLAs.

VLAN (virtual LAN)

A way to split one physical network into several separate logical networks. For example, you can keep company computers apart from a guest network even though they share the same hardware.

VPN

A secure, encrypted connection over the internet that protects your data and allows remote access to a network. It is often used for safe remote work.

VRRP (router redundancy)

VRRP lets two routers share a single virtual gateway IP address, so when the main router fails the backup takes over within seconds. Devices on the network do not notice the change; it is used in companies where a gateway outage means operations stop.

WAN (wide area network)

A network that spans large distances and connects multiple local networks, typically over the internet. It lets branches or devices in different cities communicate.

Wi-Fi

A wireless technology that lets devices connect to a network and the internet without a cable. It works using a short-range radio signal.

Wi-Fi 6

A newer generation of Wi-Fi that offers higher speed and handles many connected devices at once more efficiently. It suits modern homes and offices.

Wi-Fi 6E

Wi-Fi 6E extends the Wi-Fi 6 standard with the new 6 GHz band, which is still almost empty and free of interference from neighbours. It requires both an access point and a client device that support 6 GHz, and its range is shorter than 2.4 GHz, so it suits the room where the access point is.

Wi-Fi 7

Wi-Fi 7 is the latest wireless standard, bringing higher speeds and lower latency than Wi-Fi 6. You only get the full benefit with both supported devices and a supported router.

Wi-Fi channel and channel width

A channel is the slice of the frequency band on which an access point transmits, and the channel width (20, 40, 80 or 160 MHz) determines how much of the band it uses at once. A wider channel is faster but more sensitive to interference from neighbouring networks, so in dense housing a narrower channel on a less crowded frequency often works better.

WireGuard

WireGuard is a modern VPN protocol that is simpler, faster and more secure than the older OpenVPN or IPsec. It is built into Linux, MikroTik RouterOS and most home routers and is ideal for secure access to a home or company network from a smartphone or laptop.

Wireless vs wired network

A wireless network connects devices over Wi-Fi without a cable, while a wired one uses physical network cables. Wired tends to be more stable and faster, wireless more convenient.

WPA3

WPA3 is the newest Wi-Fi security standard, replacing WPA2 and resisting offline password guessing even with a weaker password. Devices from about 2019 onwards support it, so in practice a mixed WPA2/WPA3 mode is enabled so that older printers and IoT devices can still connect.

Cybersecurity

3-2-1 backup

The 3-2-1 rule recommends keeping three copies of your data on two different types of media, with one copy stored off-site. This approach protects you against hardware failure, theft and ransomware.

Adware

Adware is an unwanted program that floods the computer with ads and pop-ups and changes browser settings. It is annoying and sometimes tracks your behaviour.

Antivirus

Antivirus is a program that detects, blocks and removes malicious software from your device. It runs in the background and warns you when it finds a threat.

Authenticator app

An authenticator app such as Microsoft Authenticator or Google Authenticator generates one-time codes for two-factor authentication directly on your smartphone, with no SMS needed. It is safer than SMS codes because it cannot be bypassed by a SIM swap, and it works without a signal.

Backup

A backup is a stored copy of your data that you can restore after loss, failure or an attack. Regular and tested backups are the most reliable protection against data loss.

BitLocker recovery key

The recovery key is a 48-digit number that BitLocker demands after a hardware change, BIOS update or suspicious boot, and without it the data on the disk is lost for good. Store it in your Microsoft account, on a printed copy or in a password manager before you ever need it.

Botnet

A botnet is a network of compromised devices that an attacker controls remotely without the owners knowing. They are used for example to send spam or to carry out DDoS attacks.

Browser padlock (what HTTPS does not mean)

The padlock next to the address only means the connection to the site is encrypted and nobody can eavesdrop on the way. It says nothing about who owns the site; scam sites routinely have a certificate, so always check the domain itself as well.

Brute force attack

A brute force attack is a method where an attacker tries a huge number of password combinations until the right one is found. Strong and long passwords make such an attack practically impossible.

Business e-mail compromise (fake invoice)

In a BEC attack a fraudster breaks into a supplier's e-mail or imitates it convincingly and sends an invoice with a changed bank account, or poses as the director ordering the accountant to make an urgent payment. Every change of bank account must be verified by calling a known number, never by replying to the e-mail.

Child online safety

Child online safety combines technical tools such as a child account, parental controls, content filtering and time limits with an open conversation about what the child does online. A filter alone is not enough; the child should know they can confide anything without punishment.

Company password policy

A password policy sets the minimum length, bans reusing passwords across services, mandates two-factor authentication and the use of a password manager. Current guidance favours long passwords without forced periodic changes; they should be changed when a leak is suspected.

Credential stuffing

Credential stuffing is an attack where stolen usernames and passwords from one breach are tried on other services. It works because people reuse the same passwords.

Cyberattack

A cyberattack is a deliberate attempt to damage, disrupt or gain unauthorized access to a computer, network or data. It can take the form of malware, phishing, DDoS and many other techniques.

Cyberbullying

Cyberbullying is repeated harm done online: mocking messages, exclusion from groups, spreading photos or blackmail, which unlike school bullying does not stop at home. Keep evidence with screenshots, block the perpetrator and report it to the platform, the school or the police.

Dark web

The dark web is a hidden part of the internet accessible only via special software, where stolen data and passwords are traded among other things. Ordinary search engines do not index it.

Data breach

A data breach is a situation where sensitive information ends up in the hands of unauthorized people, whether through an attack or negligence. It can lead to identity theft or misuse of login credentials.

DDoS attack

A DDoS attack floods a website or service with a massive number of requests from many devices at once until it stops working. The goal is to make the service unavailable to normal users.

Deepfake

A deepfake is a video, audio clip or photo generated by artificial intelligence to look like a genuine recording of a specific person. Scammers use it to imitate famous faces or the voices of loved ones, so any unusual request for money should always be verified through another channel.

Default passwords (admin/admin)

Manufacturer default passwords such as admin/admin or 1234 are publicly known, and automated attacks try them on every device reachable from the internet. Change the administrator password on every new router, camera or NAS before connecting it to the network.

Device management (MDM)

MDM (Mobile Device Management) is a system through which a company centrally manages employees' laptops, tablets and smartphones: it enforces encryption, updates and a passcode, and wipes a lost device remotely. Examples are Microsoft Intune and Apple Business Manager.

Digital forensics

Digital forensics is the expert examination of a computer, server or network after an incident that uses logs and traces to find out how the attacker got in, what they obtained and whether the threat is gone. Evidence is preserved so it holds up with police or insurers, which is why an affected device should not be reinstalled before analysis.

Disaster recovery plan

A disaster recovery plan describes how a company restores data and systems after a failure, ransomware attack or fire, and who is responsible for what. Writing it is not enough; it must be rehearsed at least once a year, otherwise a crisis reveals that the backups cannot be restored.

Disk encryption (BitLocker, FileVault)

Disk encryption scrambles the entire contents of the storage, so after a laptop theft nobody can reach the files without the password or key. On Windows it is called BitLocker, on macOS FileVault; it is essential for business data and GDPR obligations.

E-mail encryption (S/MIME, PGP)

S/MIME and PGP encrypt the content of an e-mail so that only the recipient with the matching key can read it, and a digital signature confirms that the sender really sent it. Ordinary e-mail is protected only in transit, so content encryption or a secured attachment is recommended for contracts, medical or accounting data.

EDR

EDR is advanced endpoint protection that not only blocks threats like a classic antivirus but also watches for suspicious behavior and lets you respond to it quickly. It helps detect attacks that ordinary antivirus would miss.

Encryption

Encryption turns data into an unreadable form that only someone with the right key can read. It protects your files and communication from misuse even if they fall into the wrong hands.

Ethical hacking

Ethical hacking is the legal testing of systems where an expert looks for vulnerabilities with the owner's permission so they can be fixed before a real attacker exploits them. It helps companies improve their security.

Exploit

An exploit is a technique or piece of code that takes advantage of a specific vulnerability in software to gain access or take control of a system. Updates and patches neutralize most exploits.

Fake e-shop

A fake e-shop looks like a real store with suspiciously low prices, but after payment the goods never arrive or a worthless imitation turns up. Before buying, check the domain age, contact details with a company ID, reviews outside the site itself, and prefer cash on delivery or a card payment that can be disputed.

Hardware security key (YubiKey, FIDO2)

A hardware security key is a small USB or NFC fob that confirms your identity with a touch at sign-in and works as the most robust form of two-factor authentication. It cannot be intercepted or used on a fake site, so system administrators and companies with sensitive data rely on it.

Hoax (chain message)

A hoax is a false alarming message spread by forwarding that urges you to pass it on, typically warning about a non-existent virus or promising a reward. It carries no malicious code itself, but it floods people and is often a stepping stone to a real scam.

Honeypot

A honeypot is a decoy set up to look like a tempting target, but it actually serves to detect and observe attackers. It lures them away from the real systems.

HTTPS

HTTPS is the secure version of the protocol your browser uses to talk to a website, and it encrypts the data being transferred. You can recognize it by the padlock icon in the address bar.

Identity theft

Identity theft is the misuse of your personal data, such as your name, ID number or card details, to commit fraud in your name. The victim often finds out only through unauthorized payments or contracts.

Immutable backup

An immutable backup is a copy of data that cannot be altered or deleted for a set period after it is written, not even with administrator rights. It protects against ransomware, which would otherwise encrypt connected backups too, and is offered today by NAS systems and cloud storage alike.

Infostealer

An infostealer is malware that, once run, quietly harvests saved passwords, login cookies, card details and crypto wallets from browsers and sends them to the attacker. It spreads through pirated software and fake installers, and after an infection all passwords must be changed and all sessions signed out.

Investment scam (cryptocurrency)

An investment scam lures with high returns from cryptocurrency or shares, often through fake adverts featuring a celebrity, and shows a growing balance on a fraudulent platform that can never be withdrawn. If someone promises a guaranteed return and pushes for a quick decision, it is a scam.

IoT device updates

Cameras, routers, printers and smart devices run their own firmware that has the same kind of vulnerabilities as a computer but is updated far less often, which makes them a favourite target of botnets. Turn on automatic updates where possible and replace or disconnect devices the manufacturer no longer supports.

Keylogger

A keylogger is a program or device that records every key you press in order to capture your passwords and sensitive data. It is often bundled with other malicious software.

Malvertising

Malvertising is malicious online advertising that can infect a device even without a click, simply by being displayed on a page. It spreads malware through seemingly trustworthy ad networks.

Malware

Malware is a general term for any harmful software that damages a device, steals data or spies on the user. It includes viruses, ransomware, spyware and other dangerous programs.

Man-in-the-middle attack

In this attack the attacker secretly inserts themselves between two communicating parties and eavesdrops on or alters the data being exchanged. Encryption and HTTPS make it much harder to succeed.

Network segmentation

Segmentation divides a network into separate parts, for example computers, cameras, smart devices and guests, most often using VLANs and firewall rules. If an attacker takes over a camera or a guest device, they cannot reach company data in another segment.

NIS2

NIS2 is the European cybersecurity directive, transposed in Slovakia by an amendment to the Cybersecurity Act effective from 2025, which extends obligations to medium and larger companies in energy, transport, healthcare, manufacturing, IT services and other sectors. It requires risk management, incident reporting, supplier security and personal accountability of management, with fines up to 10 million euros or 2 % of turnover.

Passkey (passwordless sign-in)

A passkey is a modern replacement for a password: the device creates a key pair and at sign-in confirms your identity with a fingerprint, face or PIN, while the private key never leaves the device. It cannot be intercepted or used on a fake site, so it resists phishing and is supported by Apple, Google and Microsoft.

Password leak check (Have I Been Pwned)

The Have I Been Pwned service checks for free whether your e-mail address or password has appeared in known data breaches from hacked websites. If it has, change the password immediately everywhere you used it and enable two-factor authentication.

Password manager

A password manager is an app that securely stores and generates strong passwords so you do not have to remember them. You only need to remember one master password for the manager itself.

Penetration test

A penetration test is a controlled attempt to break into a network or application to find weaknesses before an attacker does. It is carried out by an expert with the owner's consent.

Pharming

Pharming redirects a user to a fake website even when they type the correct address, in order to steal login credentials. Unlike phishing, it does not need you to click a fraudulent link.

Phishing

Phishing is a fraudulent attempt to trick you into handing over sensitive data such as passwords or card numbers through fake emails, messages or websites that look trustworthy. The attacker pretends to be your bank, a company or someone you know so you give up the information yourself.

Principle of least privilege

The principle of least privilege means that every user and program has only the rights strictly needed to do their job. It limits the damage if an account or device is compromised.

Private browsing (what it does not protect)

A browser's private mode deletes history, cookies and form data on this device only when the window is closed, nothing more. Your internet provider, employer, the websites you visit and any malware still see your activity; real privacy takes a VPN and tracking protection.

Quishing (QR code phishing)

Quishing is phishing via QR code: a scammer sticks their own code on a parking meter or poster, or sends it by e-mail, and it leads to a fake payment or login page. Always check which address you landed on after scanning before entering any details.

Ransomware

Ransomware is malicious software that encrypts your files and demands a ransom to unlock them. Even after paying there is no guarantee you will get your data back, which is why backups matter.

Remote wipe

Remote wipe lets you erase all data on a lost or stolen laptop or smartphone from a distance, or lock the device and display the owner's contact. It works through Find My (Apple), Find My Device (Google) or a company MDM system, but it must be enabled in advance.

Romance scam

A scammer builds an emotional relationship with the victim on a dating site or social network, chats for weeks or months and then asks for money for a flight, medical treatment or a customs deposit. A meeting in person is always postponed and the photos are stolen; never send money to someone you have not met in real life.

Rootkit

A rootkit is a particularly dangerous piece of malware that hides deep in the system, gains full control over it and tries to stay invisible. Removing it is usually difficult.

RPO and RTO

RPO (Recovery Point Objective) says how much data a company can afford to lose, i.e. how old the latest backup may be, and RTO (Recovery Time Objective) sets how quickly a system must be running again. Together they decide how often to back up and how much to invest in backups.

Sandbox

A sandbox is a separate, isolated environment where a suspicious program can be run safely without risk to the rest of the computer. Antivirus tools use it to test threats.

Scam email

A scam email is a message that tries to trick the recipient into paying, clicking a malicious link or revealing data. It often uses an urgent tone to make you feel you must act immediately.

Security audit

A security audit is a systematic review of a company's network, devices, accounts and procedures that reveals weak spots before an attacker does. The output is a list of risks ranked by severity with specific recommendations on what to fix first.

Security awareness

Security awareness is the ability of employees to recognize threats such as phishing or scam messages and respond to them correctly. Regular training is often the cheapest and most effective protection a company can have.

Security incident

A security incident is any event that threatens the confidentiality, availability or integrity of data, from leaked passwords and ransomware to a lost laptop. A company should have a procedure for who reports it, how to stop it spreading and when the duty arises to notify the data protection authority within 72 hours.

Security patch

A security patch is an update that specifically fixes a vulnerability an attacker could use to get into the system. Installing these patches promptly is one of the most effective ways to stay protected.

Security update

A security update is a software improvement that fixes known weaknesses and increases resistance to attacks. Postponing updates leaves a device needlessly exposed.

SIEM

A SIEM is a system that collects and analyses logs from across a company network and flags suspicious behaviour. It helps detect an attack or breach early.

SIM swap

In a SIM swap a fraudster convinces the carrier to move your number to their SIM card and then receives your calls and bank SMS codes. The defence is app-based verification instead of SMS and a security password with your carrier.

Smishing

Smishing is phishing carried out through SMS messages where the attacker lures you into clicking a malicious link or sending data. It often pretends to be a parcel courier, a bank or a public office.

Spam

Spam is unsolicited bulk messages, most often emails, that push advertising or may contain fraudulent links. Some are just annoying while others are dangerous.

Spyware

Spyware is malicious software that secretly monitors your activity and collects data such as passwords, browsing history or location. It does this without your knowledge and sends the information to an attacker.

SSL/TLS

SSL/TLS are technologies that encrypt the connection between your device and a server and verify the identity of a website. They prevent data from being eavesdropped on or altered in transit.

Strong password

A strong password is long and hard to guess, mixes uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers and symbols, and is not reused across accounts. The longer and more unique it is, the harder it is to crack.

Tech support scam

A scammer poses as a technician from Microsoft, a bank or an internet provider, claims the computer is infected and asks for remote access or payment for a “repair”. Genuine support never contacts you out of the blue or asks you to install remote-control software, so ignore such calls and pop-ups.

Tracking protection

Browser tracking protection blocks tracking scripts and third-party cookies that build a profile of your behaviour across websites for ad targeting. It is enabled in the browser settings (Firefox, Safari and Brave have it on by default) and can be complemented by an extension such as uBlock Origin.

Trojan horse

A Trojan horse is malicious software disguised as a useful or harmless app so you install it yourself. Once run, it opens access to your device for the attacker.

Two-factor authentication (2FA/MFA)

Two-factor authentication adds a second login step on top of your password, such as a code from an app or SMS. Even if someone steals your password, they cannot get into the account without the second factor.

Typosquatting

Typosquatting is registering a domain that differs from a well-known one by a typo or swapped letter, for example “tatrabnka.sk”, and waiting for visitors who mistype the address. Such a site usually hosts a fake login or a malicious file, so open important addresses from bookmarks instead.

Virus

A computer virus is malicious code that attaches itself to files or programs and spreads when you run them. It can damage data, slow down a device or disable it completely.

Vishing

Vishing is a scam over a phone call where the attacker poses as your bank, support or an authority and tries to extract data or money from you. It is the voice version of phishing.

Voice cloning (AI vishing)

Artificial intelligence can imitate a specific person's voice from a few seconds of recording, and scammers use it to call as a “child in trouble” or a “boss who urgently needs a payment”. The defence is an agreed family password and the rule that money is never sent on the basis of a single call.

Vulnerability

A vulnerability is a weakness or flaw in software, a system or a configuration that an attacker can exploit. Regular updates help close these gaps.

Zero Trust

Zero Trust is a security approach that trusts no one by default and requires every access to be verified, even from inside the network. Its motto: never trust, always verify.

Zero-day vulnerability

A zero-day is a security flaw in software that the vendor does not yet know about and has no fix for. Attackers can exploit it before a patch is released.

Software and operating systems

Administrator vs standard user account

An administrator account can install programs and change the system, while a standard user account has limited rights and needs an administrator password for system changes. Working daily under a standard account greatly limits the damage that malware or a careless click can do.

Android

The most used operating system for mobile phones and tablets, built on Linux. It is developed by Google and used by most phone makers.

Antivirus software

A program that protects a computer from viruses and other harmful software by finding and removing it. To stay effective it must be updated regularly.

Application

A program made for a specific task, such as writing text, playing music or communicating. It runs within the operating system and is operated directly by the user.

BIOS update

A BIOS (UEFI firmware) update fixes motherboard bugs, adds support for new processors or memory and patches security vulnerabilities. It must be done only with the manufacturer's official file and power must never be interrupted, otherwise the board can be left unusable.

Bloatware

Bloatware is unnecessary pre-installed software that comes with a new computer or phone and only takes up space and slows it down. Most of it can be safely removed.

Blue screen (BSOD)

The blue screen is a Windows crash message shown when the system hits an error it cannot safely recover from, after which the computer restarts. The error code on the screen reveals the cause, most often a faulty driver, defective RAM or a failing drive.

Booting

The process of turning on and starting a computer during which the operating system is loaded into memory. Only after it is the computer ready for use.

Bootloader

A small program that runs right after the computer starts and takes care of loading the operating system. If several systems are on the disk, it lets you choose which one to start.

Browser extension

An extension is a small add-on for the browser that adds features such as ad blocking, password management or page translation. It can, however, access the content of the pages you visit, so install only trusted extensions from the official store and remove the ones you do not use.

Clean install

A clean install means the operating system is installed fresh on a wiped disk instead of upgrading the existing system. It removes accumulated errors, unwanted programs and malware, but requires a data backup and reinstalling applications.

Command line

A text environment where the computer is controlled by typing written commands instead of clicking with a mouse. It is used mainly by system administrators and advanced users.

Compatibility mode

Compatibility mode lets you run an older program in Windows as if it were running on an older version of the system. It helps when an old application otherwise refuses to work.

Container

A lightweight, isolated package in which an application runs together with everything it needs. Unlike a virtual machine it does not need its own operating system, so it is faster and smaller.

Control panel

A place in Windows where the computer and system settings are found. Here the user can manage programs, devices, user accounts and other options.

Defragmentation

Defragmentation reorganises scattered file fragments on a classic hard drive so they load faster. It is neither done nor needed on modern SSDs.

Desktop

The main screen of the operating system that appears after you log in. It holds icons, shortcuts and a taskbar for quickly launching programs.

Disk cloning

Making an exact copy of an entire disk including the system, programs and settings. It is used when replacing a disk or moving content to a new computer.

Docker

The best known tool for building and running containers. It makes it easy to deploy applications so they work the same on a developer's computer and on a server.

Driver

A small program that lets the operating system talk correctly to a specific device, such as a printer or graphics card. Without the right driver, the device may not work.

Driver update

Replacing a device driver with a newer version that can bring better performance or fix bugs. It often solves problems with graphics, sound or a printer.

Electronic signature and eID

A qualified electronic signature carries the same legal weight as a handwritten one and in Slovakia it is created with the chip-enabled ID card (eID) and a reader or through a smartphone app. It is used for dealing with authorities via slovensko.sk, for contracts and for filing tax returns.

Event Viewer

Event Viewer is a Windows tool in which the system, drivers and programs record error, warning and routine event messages. A technician uses it to find out what happened right before a crash or restart even when nothing was visible on screen.

FAT32

An older and simple file system that works almost everywhere but cannot handle files larger than 4 GB. It is often used on USB sticks and memory cards.

File system

The way an operating system stores and organizes files and folders on a disk. Common types are NTFS on Windows or FAT32 on USB sticks.

Firmware

Special software built directly into a device that controls its basic operation. It is found, for example, in routers, printers and televisions.

Forgotten Windows password

With a Microsoft account the password is reset online through e-mail or smartphone verification; with a local account the security questions, a recovery disk or a service intervention help. If the drive is encrypted with BitLocker, not even a repair shop can reach the data without the recovery key.

Formatting

The process of preparing a disk or USB stick for use by creating a file system on it. Formatting usually erases all data that was there before.

Group Policy

Group Policy lets a company centrally set rules for all computers at once, such as passwords, access rights or allowed programs. It saves time when managing many machines.

Home Assistant

Home Assistant is a free open-source smart home system that runs on your own device at home and unifies products from different manufacturers in one interface. Control and automations work locally, so the home does not depend on a vendor cloud or on an internet outage.

Homelab

A homelab is a home server or a small set of network devices on which enthusiasts and IT professionals run their own services, such as storage, smart home, cameras or a test environment. It serves for learning and at the same time replaces paid cloud services with a self-hosted solution under full control.

Hypervisor

Software that creates and manages virtual machines and shares the physical machine's power between them. It is the foundation of server virtualization.

Installer

A program or package that automatically copies and sets up new software on a computer. It usually guides the user through the installation step by step.

Kernel

The most important part of the operating system that directly controls the hardware and shares resources between programs. It runs hidden in the background and the user normally never sees it.

License

The rules that say how software may be used, copied and shared. Some licenses are paid, while others allow free use.

Linux

A free operating system with open source code that comes in many versions called distributions. It commonly runs on servers but can also be used on an ordinary computer.

Linux distribution

A specific version of the Linux operating system put together with its own environment and programs, such as Ubuntu or Debian. They differ in look, focus and difficulty.

Logs

Logs are text records in which systems, servers and network devices continuously write what is happening: logins, errors, blocked connections. When troubleshooting faults and security incidents they are the main source of evidence, which is why businesses collect them centrally and keep them for a longer period.

macOS

Apple's operating system that runs only on Mac computers. It is known for being easy to use and for working closely with other Apple devices.

Microsoft 365 vs LibreOffice

Microsoft 365 is a paid subscription bundle of Word, Excel and Outlook with cloud storage and team tools, while LibreOffice is a free open-source office suite that opens and saves Office documents. Microsoft 365 pays off for businesses with team collaboration; for home writing and spreadsheets LibreOffice is entirely sufficient.

Microsoft account vs local account

A Microsoft account is an online sign-in that syncs settings, OneDrive and licences across devices, whereas a local account exists only on one computer and needs no internet. Windows 11 requires a Microsoft account during setup; a local account can be created afterwards or by bypassing that step.

NTFS

A modern file system used mainly on Windows that handles large files and access permissions. It is more reliable and secure than the older FAT32.

Office suite

A set of programs for everyday work such as writing documents, making spreadsheets and presentations. The best known are Microsoft Office and the free LibreOffice.

Open source

Software whose source code is publicly available so anyone can view, change and share it. It is often free and developed by a community.

Operating system

The basic software that runs the whole computer and lets you start programs. It manages memory, disks, the screen and the link between the hardware and your applications.

Package manager

A package manager installs, updates and removes programs from a trusted source with a single command, typical of Linux. It keeps software tidy and secure.

Partition

A logically separated part of a disk that behaves like its own unit. A single physical disk can be split, for example, into a system area and a data area.

Patch

A small software fix that tweaks a specific bug or adds a minor improvement to a program. It replaces only the needed part of the program without reinstalling the whole thing.

PDF (editing and signing)

PDF is a document format that looks the same on every device and printer, which is why it is used for contracts, invoices and forms. Common edits such as merging, splitting, filling in a form or adding a signature can be done with free tools, while editing the text requires a full editor.

Post-install configuration (debloat)

Debloating is cleaning a new computer of pre-installed trial programs, ad-driven apps and unnecessary manufacturer services that slow down startup and take up space. It usually also includes setting up updates, backup and security so the machine is fast and safe from day one.

Printer driver and print queue

The printer driver translates documents into the language of a specific printer and the print queue (spooler) lines them up and sends them. When printing gets stuck, the usual fix is to clear stuck jobs from the queue, restart the print service or reinstall the driver from the manufacturer's website.

Process

A running program or task that the computer is currently carrying out. The operating system can show them and, if needed, end them.

Proxmox

Proxmox VE is a free open-source virtualisation platform on which a single physical server runs multiple virtual machines and containers. It is popular in small businesses and home labs because it offers a web interface, backups and server clustering without licence fees.

Registry

A central database in Windows that stores settings for the system and installed programs. Careless changes to it can cause problems with how the computer runs.

Remote Desktop (RDP)

Remote Desktop (RDP) is a Windows feature that lets you connect to a computer over the network and work on it as if you were sitting in front of it. Businesses use it to reach office computers and servers; outside the company network it should be available only through a VPN.

Remote support (TeamViewer, AnyDesk)

Remote support lets a technician, with your consent, see and control your computer screen over the internet and fix a problem without a site visit. The session is started with a one-time code that you should never give to unknown callers, because scammers abuse the same principle.

Restore point

A restore point is a snapshot of Windows system files, drivers and the registry that the system creates before major changes. If something stops working after an update or installation, the system can be rolled back to that state without losing personal files.

Safe mode

A special way of starting the operating system with only the basic functions and drivers. It is used to fix problems when the computer will not start normally.

Snapshot

A saved state of a virtual machine or system at an exact moment that you can return to at any time. It is handy before risky changes or updates.

Startup programs

Startup programs launch every time Windows starts and keep running in the background even when you do not need them. The more there are, the longer the computer takes to boot and the less performance remains for work, which is why Task Manager lets you disable them individually.

Swap (page file)

The page file is a part of the disk the system uses as a temporary extension of RAM when memory runs short. With too little memory it noticeably slows the computer down.

System image

A single file that holds a complete snapshot of a disk or system at a given moment. From it a computer can be quickly restored to its earlier state.

System Restore

System Restore returns Windows settings to an earlier point when everything still worked, without losing your files. It helps after a failed installation or an error.

System version (build, 24H2)

Windows receives one major feature version a year labelled by year and half, for example 24H2, and each version has its own build number. You can check it with the winver command, and it matters because older versions stop receiving security updates and some programs no longer support them.

Task Manager

Task Manager shows which programs are running and how much memory or CPU they use, and lets you end a frozen application. You open it with Ctrl+Shift+Esc.

Time synchronisation (NTP)

NTP is the protocol by which computers, routers and cameras automatically set the exact time from time servers on the internet. A wrong clock causes rejected certificates, login errors and unusable logs, so every network device should have synchronisation enabled.

TRIM

TRIM is a function that keeps an SSD fast by telling it which blocks are no longer needed. Thanks to it, an SSD keeps its performance over time.

Update

A newer version of a program or system that brings improvements, new features or bug fixes. Regular updates help keep a computer safe and working well.

Virtual machine (VM)

A computer that exists only as software inside another computer but behaves like a separate machine with its own operating system. It can be easily backed up, copied or deleted.

Virtualization

A technology that lets several separate computers run inside one physical machine. It makes better use of the hardware and keeps different environments apart.

Web browser

A program for viewing web pages on the internet, such as Chrome, Firefox or Edge. It lets you search, read content and use online services.

Windows

The most widely used operating system for desktops and laptops, made by Microsoft. It is found in homes and companies and runs most common programs.

Windows 10 end of support (ESU)

Free updates for Windows 10 ended on 14 October 2025 and the Extended Security Updates (ESU) programme extends them for home users only until 14 October 2026. After that the computer is left without patches and vulnerable, so it should be upgraded to Windows 11 or replaced.

Windows activation / licence key

Activation verifies that a copy of Windows is genuine, either with a 25-character key or with a digital licence tied to the hardware or a Microsoft account. An OEM licence is bound to the motherboard on which it was activated, whereas a purchased retail licence can be moved to a new computer.

WSL

WSL lets you run Linux directly inside Windows without needing a second computer or a virtual machine. It is used mainly by developers and administrators.

Cloud, email and web

301 redirect and domain change

A 301 redirect permanently sends visitors and search engines from an old address to a new one, carrying over most of the earned ranking. When changing a domain or site structure, every old URL must be redirected to its new equivalent, otherwise traffic and backlinks are lost.

A record

A DNS record that maps a domain to a specific server IP address where the website runs. Thanks to it the browser knows which server to connect to.

API (application programming interface)

An interface through which two programs or services communicate and exchange data. Thanks to it, for example, an online shop can automatically send orders into accounting software.

Backlink

A backlink is a link from another website to your page, which search engines treat as a recommendation and a signal of trust. The quality and topical relevance of the linking site matter more than the count, and purchased links can hurt rankings.

CDN (content delivery network)

A network of servers spread around the world that keeps copies of a website closer to visitors. As a result pages load faster and the site can handle more visitors.

Cloud

Cloud means using computing services, storage and applications over the internet instead of your own computer or server. You usually pay only for what you use and the provider takes care of the hardware.

Cloud backup

Regularly saving a copy of your data to remote servers in the cloud in case of loss, failure or attack. If something goes wrong you can restore the data even if your own hardware fails.

Cloud migration

Moving company data, email and applications from your own servers into the cloud. The aim is lower maintenance, better availability and access to data from anywhere.

CMS (content management system)

A system that lets you manage website content without programming knowledge, similar to writing in a text editor. A well-known example is WordPress.

CNAME

A DNS record that points one domain name to another, working like an alias or redirect. It is used for example for subdomains that should point to the same place as the main address.

Core Web Vitals

Core Web Vitals are three Google metrics that measure how fast and stably a web page loads and responds: LCP (largest element within 2.5 s), INP (response to a click within 200 ms) and CLS (layout shifts below 0.1). They affect search ranking and can be measured with PageSpeed Insights.

CSS

A language that defines the look of a web page, including colors, fonts, layout and spacing. It makes a page look attractive and consistent.

Digital signage

Digital signage is the display of content on screens in shops, receptions, waiting rooms or restaurants, managed centrally over the internet. Instead of printed posters, offers and notices are changed remotely and on several screens at once.

DKIM

DKIM adds a digital signature to outgoing emails, by which the recipient verifies the message truly came from your domain and was not altered in transit. Together with SPF it improves deliverability.

DMARC

DMARC builds on SPF and DKIM and tells what should happen to mail that fails their checks, for example to discard it. It protects your brand from being abused in scams.

DNS record

An entry in the DNS system that tells where a domain or its services, such as the website or mail, should point. DNS works like the internet's phone book, translating names into addresses.

Domain

Your company's internet address, such as tiptech.sk, that people remember and type into a browser. You rent a domain for a set period and need to renew it regularly.

Domain registrar and domain expiry

A registrar is the company you rent a domain from, usually for a year at a time, and the expiry is the date the rental ends. If the domain is not renewed in time, anyone can register it after the grace period and the website and e-mail stop working.

Email gateway

An entry point through which all incoming and outgoing mail passes and where it is checked for threats. It helps block spam, viruses and fraudulent emails.

Exchange Online

Microsoft's cloud email service that manages business email, calendars and contacts. The mail runs on Microsoft servers, so you do not need to operate your own mail server.

Form spam protection (CAPTCHA)

A CAPTCHA is a test in a web form that tells a human from a bot, today mostly invisibly based on browser behaviour (reCAPTCHA v3, Cloudflare Turnstile). It is complemented by a hidden honeypot field and rate limiting so that automated spam does not flood the contact form.

Git

Git is a system for tracking changes in files and code that keeps the full history and lets you revert to an older version. It is the foundation of modern teamwork on software.

Google Business Profile

Google Business Profile is a free business listing that appears in Google Maps and beside search results with the address, opening hours, photos and reviews. For local businesses it is often more important than their own website, because nearby customers see it first.

Google reviews

Google reviews are customer ratings on a business listing that influence trust and the order of businesses in local search. It pays to reply to reviews, and false or abusive ones can be reported, but buying fake reviews breaks the rules and can get the whole profile hidden.

Google Search Console

Google Search Console is a free tool where a site owner can see which searches their pages appear for, how many people click through and whether Google hit any indexing errors. It also lets you submit a sitemap and verify domain ownership.

Hosted email

Business email with your own domain that runs on a provider's servers instead of your own server. It simplifies management and improves mail reliability.

HTML

The basic language in which web pages are written, defining their content and structure such as headings, paragraphs and links. The browser uses it to display the page.

IaaS (infrastructure as a service)

Renting basic computing resources over the internet, such as virtual servers, storage and networking. You have full control over the setup but do not have to buy your own hardware.

IMAP

A way of reading email where messages stay on the server and you see them the same way on your phone and computer. Changes sync across all your devices.

JSON

JSON is a simple text format for exchanging data between programs and web services. It is readable by both humans and machines and is used almost everywhere on the web.

Mailbox quota and e-mail archiving

A mailbox quota is the maximum volume of messages a provider allows for an e-mail account; once it is full, new messages stop arriving. The solution is archiving, moving older messages and large attachments into a separate archive or local file that remains searchable.

Meta title and meta description

The meta title is the page name shown in the browser tab and as the blue heading in search results; the meta description is the short text beneath it. They do not change ranking directly, but they decide whether a user clicks the result, so they should be concise, unique and contain the searched terms.

Microsoft 365

A subscription bundle of Microsoft office apps and services including Word, Excel, Outlook, business email and cloud storage. It works on a subscription basis and runs largely over the internet.

MX record

A type of DNS record that specifies which server receives email for your domain. Without a correct MX record your mail would not arrive.

OneDrive

Microsoft's cloud storage where you can save files and access them from any device. Files sync automatically and can be shared easily.

PaaS (platform as a service)

A rented environment where developers build and run applications without worrying about servers and operating systems. You only manage your own code while the rest runs in the cloud.

POP3

An older way of fetching email where messages are downloaded to a single device and usually removed from the server. It suits you if you want mail only on one computer.

PTR record (reverse DNS)

A PTR record is the reverse of a normal DNS record: it maps an IP address to a server name. It is set by the owner of the IP address, usually the connectivity provider, and without a correct PTR record receiving servers reject or flag e-mail from a self-hosted mail server as spam.

Public vs private cloud

A public cloud shares infrastructure among many customers at a provider, while a private cloud is dedicated to a single company. Private gives more control, public is usually cheaper and more flexible.

Responsive design

A way of designing a website where the page automatically adapts to the screen size of a phone, tablet or computer. The content stays readable on every device.

SaaS (software as a service)

A ready-to-use application you access over the internet without installing anything, such as email or accounting software in a browser. You pay a monthly or yearly fee and the vendor handles updates.

Self-hosted versus hosted mail server

Hosted e-mail (for example Microsoft 365 or Google Workspace) is rented as a service and the provider handles deliverability and backups. A self-hosted mail server gives full control over data and independence, but requires correct PTR, SPF, DKIM and DMARC records, a clean IP reputation and someone to maintain it.

SEO (search engine optimization)

A set of website improvements that help a page rank higher in search results such as Google. The goal is to make it easier for customers to find you.

SFTP

SFTP is a secure way to transfer files to and from a server over an encrypted connection. It is the secure replacement for the old unencrypted FTP.

Shared calendar (CalDAV)

CalDAV is an open protocol through which calendars on iPhone, Mac, Android or Outlook synchronise events with a single server. A company or household can thus share one calendar with reminders without being tied to a single provider, whether on their own server or in the cloud.

Shared drive

A common storage that multiple people on a team can access to store and manage shared files. Everyone sees the current version of the documents.

SharePoint

A Microsoft business platform for sharing documents and enabling team collaboration in one place. It also serves as an internal company portal and file library.

Single sign-on (SSO)

A way of signing in where one login gives you access to several applications at once without entering a password repeatedly. It simplifies work and improves security.

Sitemap and robots.txt

A sitemap is a file listing all the pages of a website that helps search engines find and index content faster. Robots.txt does the opposite, telling crawlers which parts of the site to skip, but it is not security; sensitive pages must be protected with a password.

SLA (service level agreement)

A contractual commitment from a provider that sets the promised availability and quality of a service, for example how many hours of downtime are allowed per year. It gives the customer certainty about what to expect.

SMTP

The protocol responsible for sending email from the sender to the recipient. It works in the background every time you send a message.

Spam filter

A tool that automatically detects and sets aside unwanted or suspicious mail so it does not clog your inbox. It moves suspicious messages into a spam folder.

SPF

SPF is an email protection that defines which servers may send mail for your domain, making it harder for scammers to spoof your address. It is set up in DNS records.

SSH

SSH is an encrypted way to log in remotely and control a server via the command line. Administrators use it to manage devices securely from a distance.

SSL certificate

A security certificate that encrypts the connection between the browser and the website, shown as https with a padlock in the address. It protects transmitted data from eavesdropping.

Staging environment

Staging is a copy of a website or application where changes are tested before they go live. This avoids errors right in front of customers.

Structured data (schema.org)

Structured data are machine-readable tags in a page's code, following the schema.org vocabulary, that tell a search engine exactly what the page contains: a business, a product, a recipe, questions and answers. Google can display them as rich results with stars, prices or expandable questions.

Subdomain

A part placed before the main domain, such as shop.tiptech.sk, used to separate a distinct section of a website or service. It lets you have multiple sections under one domain.

Synchronization

A process where your files and data stay the same across all devices at once. When you change a file in one place, the change automatically appears everywhere else.

TTL

TTL defines how long a piece of data (such as a DNS record) may be kept in cache before it is fetched again. A lower TTL means changes take effect sooner.

Uptime

Uptime expresses how much of the time a service or website is continuously available, usually as a percentage. High uptime (for example 99.9%) means minimal downtime.

Web accessibility (WCAG)

Web accessibility means a site can be used by people with visual, hearing or motor impairments, for example through a screen reader or keyboard only. The rules are defined by the WCAG standard, and since June 2025 the European Accessibility Act requires them of online shops and many online services as well.

Web application

A program that runs directly in a browser over the internet without installing it on your computer. Examples include online banking or an ordering system.

Web archive (archive.org)

The Internet Archive with its Wayback Machine stores copies of web pages over time, so you can see how a site looked years ago. It helps verify old information and recover the content of a website that has since disappeared or lost its domain.

Web hosting

A service that provides space on a server where your website is stored and made available. Thanks to it your site is accessible to visitors around the clock over the internet.

Webhook

An automatic message that one service sends to another the moment a certain event happens, such as a new payment. It works as an instant notification between systems.

WHOIS

WHOIS is a public service that shows a domain's registrar, registration and expiry dates, and often its nameservers and administrative contact. Since GDPR the owner's personal details are mostly hidden, but expiry dates and technical data remain visible.

WordPress

WordPress is the world's most widely used content management system, powering more than 40% of websites from blogs to online shops with the WooCommerce extension. It is free and has thousands of plugins, but those plugins are the most common attack path, so it needs regular updates.

Smart home, IoT and multimedia

3D printing

Making physical objects layer by layer from a digital model. It is used for prototypes, spare parts and home-made items.

Baby monitor camera

A baby monitor camera streams picture and sound from the child's room to a smartphone or a dedicated screen, often with night vision, temperature sensing and cry alerts. With internet-connected models, use a strong password and keep the firmware updated, otherwise a stranger could gain access to the feed.

Backup generator

A device that produces its own electricity during a longer power outage, usually from fuel. It keeps essential appliances running while the grid is down.

Bluetooth

A wireless technology for connecting devices over short distances, such as headphones to a phone. It works without cables and without the internet.

Camera resolution and lens

Resolution (2K, 4K) determines how much detail the footage captures, for example whether you can recognise a face or a licence plate, but higher resolution also means more storage and network load. The lens decides the field of view: a wide angle covers the whole yard, a longer focal length shows the gate in detail from further away.

Camera system

A set of cameras, a recording unit and software used to monitor and protect a space. It allows live viewing as well as playback of recordings.

Casting

Casting lets you send a picture or video from your phone or computer to the TV over Wi-Fi, for example using a Chromecast. You do not need any cable for it.

Dash camera (dashcam)

A dash camera continuously records the drive to a memory card and automatically locks the footage against overwriting in the event of an accident or impact. A good model has at least 2K resolution, GPS and a card rated for constant rewriting, because an ordinary card wears out quickly in a car.

Dolby Atmos

Dolby Atmos is surround sound that adds a height dimension, so sounds seem to come from all directions including above. It creates an immersive, cinematic experience.

DVB-T2 aerial versus IPTV

DVB-T2 is free terrestrial digital broadcasting received with an ordinary aerial without internet or monthly fees, but the channel line-up is limited. IPTV delivers television over an internet connection with a wider choice of channels, catch-up and recording, but it requires a stable line and a paid subscription from a legitimate provider.

DVR

A recorder for cameras connected over coaxial cable, including modern HD variants. It converts their video into a digital recording and stores it on a disk.

E-ink display

A display that looks like printed paper and uses power only when the content changes. It is easy to read in sunlight and saves battery.

ESP32

ESP32 is an inexpensive microchip with Wi-Fi and Bluetooth used to build custom sensors, switches and meters for the smart home. It can be configured without writing code through ESPHome and connects directly to Home Assistant.

FDM

The most common 3D printing technology, where a molten plastic strand is laid down layer by layer. It is affordable and typical for home printers.

Filament

A plastic strand wound on a spool that serves as the material for FDM 3D printers. The printer heats it and lays it down gradually.

Frigate

Frigate is an open-source network video recorder (NVR) for IP cameras that runs on your own server and uses artificial intelligence to recognise people, cars or animals. All recording and analysis stay at home with no cloud or fees, and the system is commonly integrated with Home Assistant.

Geofencing

Geofencing uses your phone's location to trigger an action automatically when you arrive home or leave, such as turning on the heating or locking the door. It works like an invisible boundary around the house.

H.265 (HEVC)

H.265, also called HEVC, is a video compression format that needs roughly half the data of the older H.264 at the same picture quality. Camera systems use it to greatly extend recording time on the same drive, but the playback device must support it.

HDR

HDR widens the range of brightness and colour in the picture, so both bright and dark parts show more detail and richness. It stands out most in films and games on a supported TV.

Home media server (Jellyfin)

Jellyfin is a free open-source media server that makes your films, series, music and photos from home storage available on a TV, smartphone or computer. Unlike Plex it requires no account or subscription and all data stays at home.

Home storage (NAS)

Network-attached storage connected to your home network that all devices can reach. It is used for backups, file sharing and home media.

IoT (internet of things)

A term for everyday devices (bulbs, sensors, cameras) that connect to the internet and can communicate with each other. This lets you control and monitor them remotely.

IP camera

A camera that sends its video over a computer network or the internet. You can watch the live feed from a phone or computer anywhere.

IPTV

Television delivered over an internet connection instead of an aerial or satellite. It often lets you pause live TV and watch shows you missed.

Laser engraving

Burning images or text into a material using a laser beam. It is used on wood, leather, glass and metal.

Local versus cloud smart home control

With cloud control every command passes through the manufacturer's servers, so when the internet drops or the service is discontinued, even the light switch in the living room stops working. Local control, for example Home Assistant with Zigbee or Thread, processes everything at home, responds faster and does not depend on a third-party company.

Matter

Matter is a new common smart-home standard that lets devices from different brands work together. Its goal is to end closed ecosystems.

Motion detection

A camera or sensor feature that recognizes movement in view. It can start recording or send an alert to your phone.

Multiroom audio

Multiroom audio plays music on several speakers in different rooms at once, either in sync or with a different track in each room. Systems such as Sonos, Google Cast or AirPlay 2 are controlled from a single app, and stable Wi-Fi throughout the house is essential.

Network printer

A network printer connects by cable or Wi-Fi directly to the home network, so every computer and smartphone can print to it without it being attached to one machine. The most common cause of problems is the printer's IP address changing, so we recommend reserving a fixed address for it in the router.

NFC

A technology for transferring data by holding two devices close together. It is used for contactless payments and quick pairing.

Night vision

A camera's ability to capture footage in the dark using infrared light. The recording is usually black and white at night.

NVR

A network video recorder that captures footage from IP cameras connected over the network. It stores recordings on a disk and manages several cameras at once.

ONVIF

ONVIF is a common standard for IP cameras and recorders that lets products from different brands work together. It makes it easier to build a camera system from mixed components.

Person detection (AI camera analytics)

Modern camera systems use artificial intelligence to recognise people, vehicles or animals in the image instead of reacting to every moving leaf or shadow. You get an alert only when someone actually appears on the property, and you can quickly find the right event in the footage.

Photo backup to a NAS

Photos from a smartphone can be copied automatically to a home NAS through the manufacturer's app, such as Synology Photos, as soon as the device joins the home Wi-Fi. You keep the backup under your control without monthly cloud fees, but the NAS itself must also be backed up off-site following the 3-2-1 rule.

Plex

Software that organizes your collection of movies, shows and music and serves it to your TV and phone. It works like your own home streaming service.

Powerline

A technology that carries internet over the regular electrical wiring in a house. It helps in spots where Wi-Fi cannot reach and cabling is hard.

Projector

A device that projects an image onto a wall or screen at a large size. It is used for home cinema as well as presentations.

PTZ camera

A PTZ camera can pan, tilt and zoom, so it covers a large area with a single device. You control it remotely or it follows motion on its own.

QR code

A square black-and-white code that a phone scans with its camera. Once scanned it opens a link or passes on stored information.

Raspberry Pi

Raspberry Pi is a credit-card-sized Linux computer used as a home server, a smart home hub or a media player. It draws little power and runs around the clock, but for demanding tasks such as recording several cameras its performance is no longer enough.

Robot vacuum

A self-driving vacuum that moves around the home and cleans the floor using a map. You start it from an app or on a set schedule.

Scenes and automations

A scene is a saved state of several devices at once, for example a Film scene dims the lights, turns on the TV and closes the blinds with a single tap. An automation triggers actions on its own based on a condition such as time, motion, a door opening or leaving home, and that is where the real value of a smart home lies.

Sensor

A small device that detects something in its surroundings, such as temperature, motion, smoke or a door opening. It sends the measured information on to the system.

Set-top box

A receiver connected to a TV that provides access to channels or internet apps. It turns an ordinary television into a smart one.

Smart blinds

Smart blinds or shades are controlled by phone, voice or schedule and can open by themselves in the morning and close in the evening. They add comfort and privacy.

Smart bulb

A bulb you control from an app or by voice that can change brightness and color. It can also be set to turn on automatically at certain times.

Smart doorbell

A smart doorbell has a built-in camera and microphone, so on your phone you can see who is at the door and talk to them even from afar. It often records motion too.

Smart energy metering

Smart energy metering tracks how much electricity the whole house or individual appliances use, through a metering module in the distribution board (such as PZEM or Shelly) or a smart plug with measurement. The data appears in an app or in Home Assistant and reveals what needlessly drives up the energy bill.

Smart home

A home where appliances, lighting and security are connected and can be controlled from a phone or by voice. Many actions can also run automatically based on rules you set.

Smart hub

A central unit that connects different smart devices from various brands into one system. It lets you control them all from a single app.

Smart lock

A door lock that opens with a phone, code or fingerprint instead of a key. It can also unlock remotely and keep a log of entries.

Smart plug

An adapter that plugs into a socket and lets you turn the connected device on and off remotely. Some models also measure power usage.

Smart thermostat

A thermostat that controls heating over the internet and learns your habits. It can save energy and heat only when you are home.

Smart TV

A television connected to the internet with apps like Netflix or YouTube built in. You do not need a separate set-top box to use them.

Smart weather station

A device that measures temperature, humidity and weather indoors and outdoors and sends the data to an app. It helps track conditions and plan ventilation or heating.

Smoke detector

A sensor that detects smoke from a fire and sets off a loud alarm. Smart versions also send an alert to your phone when you are away.

Soundbar

A long speaker placed under the TV that noticeably improves the sound. It replaces several separate speakers with a single unit.

Streaming

Playing video or music straight from the internet without downloading the file first. The content plays continuously while it loads.

Surge protection

Protection that absorbs a sudden voltage spike in the power line, for example during a storm. It helps prevent damage to connected devices.

Thread

Thread is a low-power wireless protocol for the smart home in which devices form their own mesh network and relay signals to each other, similar to Zigbee. It is the foundation of the new Matter standard, so Thread devices work together across brands through a border router such as a newer Apple TV or Google Nest Hub.

TV calibration and picture modes

A new television usually ships in an overly bright and saturated shop mode that distorts colours and tires the eyes. Switching to Filmmaker, Cinema or Movie mode and turning off motion smoothing gives a picture close to the creators' intent, while precise instrument calibration pays off on more expensive OLED and QLED models.

UPS (uninterruptible power supply)

A battery-backed device that keeps power running for a while during an outage. It protects a computer or server from a sudden shutdown and data loss.

Voice assistant

A program that responds to spoken commands and can control smart devices in the home. Examples include Google Assistant, Alexa and Siri.

Wi-Fi camera versus PoE camera

A Wi-Fi camera only needs a power socket and connects wirelessly, so it is easy to install, but it depends on signal quality and several cameras load the wireless network. A PoE camera receives data and power over a single network cable, the transmission is stable and recording keeps running even when Wi-Fi drops, which is why professional installations use it.

Wi-Fi repeater

A small plug-in device that picks up the Wi-Fi from your home router and repeats it into farther rooms. It is the cheapest do-it-yourself option, but it will not cover a large house as reliably as mesh.

Wi-Fi versus Zigbee smart plug

A Wi-Fi smart plug joins the home network directly without extra equipment, but each one takes a slot in the router and most models depend on the manufacturer's cloud. A Zigbee plug needs a hub, yet it does not load the Wi-Fi, works locally even without internet and also relays the signal for other Zigbee devices.

Z-Wave

Z-Wave is a wireless technology for smart homes that links sensors and switches with low power use and long range. It is similar to Zigbee and uses its own frequency.

Zigbee

A low-power wireless standard for smart devices that forms a connected mesh network. Devices relay the signal to each other and extend the range.

Need a reliable IT partner?

Get in touch, we will advise you free of charge and take care of your computers, networks and security.